adverse-event-detection

---

name: tooluniverse-adverse-event-detection description: Detect and analyze adverse drug event signals using FDA FAERS data, drug labels, disproportionality analysis (PRR, ROR, IC), and biomedical evidence. Generates quantitative safety signal scores (0-100) with evidence grading. Use for post-market surveillance, pharmacovigilance, drug safety assessment, adverse event investigation, and regulatory decision support.

Adverse Drug Event Signal Detection & Analysis

Automated pipeline for detecting, quantifying, and contextualizing adverse drug event signals using FAERS disproportionality analysis, FDA label mining, mechanism-based prediction, and literature evidence. Produces a quantitative Safety Signal Score (0-100) for regulatory and clinical decision-making.

KEY PRINCIPLES:

1. Signal quantification first - Every adverse event must have PRR/ROR/IC with confidence intervals
2. Serious events priority - Deaths, hospitalizations, life-threatening events always analyzed first
3. Multi-source triangulation - FAERS + FDA labels + OpenTargets + DrugBank + literature
4. Context-aware assessment - Distinguish drug-specific vs class-wide vs confounding signals
5. Report-first approach - Create report file FIRST, update progressively
6. Evidence grading mandatory - T1 (regulatory/boxed warning) through T4 (computational)
7. English-first queries - Always use English drug names in tool calls, respond in user's language

---

When to Use

Apply when user asks:

• "What are the safety signals for [drug]?"
• "Detect adverse events for [drug]"
• "Is [drug] associated with [adverse event]?"
• "What are the FAERS signals for [drug]?"
• "Compare safety of [drug A] vs [drug B] for [adverse event]"
• "What are the serious adverse events for [drug]?"
• "Are there emerging safety signals for [drug]?"
• "Post-market surveillance report for [drug]"
• "Pharmacovigilance signal detection for [drug]"
• "What is the disproportionality analysis for [drug] and [event]?"

Differentiation from tooluniverse-pharmacovigilance: This skill focuses specifically on signal detection and quantification using disproportionality analysis (PRR, ROR, IC) with statistical rigor, produces a quantitative Safety Signal Score (0-100), and performs comparative safety analysis across drug classes. The pharmacovigilance skill provides broader safety profiling without the same depth of signal detection metrics.

---

Workflow Overview

Phase 0: Input Parsing & Drug Disambiguation
  Parse drug name, resolve to ChEMBL ID, DrugBank ID
  Identify drug class, mechanism, and approved indications
    |
Phase 1: FAERS Adverse Event Profiling
  Top adverse events by frequency
  Seriousness and outcome distributions
  Demographics (age, sex, country)
    |
Phase 2: Disproportionality Analysis (Signal Detection)
  Calculate PRR, ROR, IC with 95% CI for each AE
  Apply signal detection criteria
  Classify signal strength (Strong/Moderate/Weak/None)
    |
Phase 3: FDA Label Safety Information
  Boxed warnings, contraindications
  Warnings and precautions, adverse reactions
  Drug interactions, special populations
    |
Phase 4: Mechanism-Based Adverse Event Context
  Target-based AE prediction (OpenTargets safety)
  Off-target effects, ADMET predictions
  Drug class effects comparison
    |
Phase 5: Comparative Safety Analysis
  Compare to drugs in same class
  Identify unique vs class-wide signals
  Head-to-head disproportionality comparison
    |
Phase 6: Drug-Drug Interactions & Risk Factors
  Known DDIs causing AEs
  Pharmacogenomic risk factors (PharmGKB)
  FDA PGx biomarkers
    |
Phase 7: Literature Evidence
  PubMed safety studies, case reports
  OpenAlex citation analysis
  Preprint emerging signals (EuropePMC)
    |
Phase 8: Risk Assessment & Safety Signal Score
  Calculate Safety Signal Score (0-100)
  Evidence grading (T1-T4) for each signal
  Clinical significance assessment
    |
Phase 9: Report Synthesis & Recommendations
  Monitoring recommendations
  Risk mitigation strategies
  Completeness checklist

---

Phase 0: Input Parsing & Drug Disambiguation

0.1 Resolve Drug Identity

# Step 1: Get ChEMBL ID from drug name
chembl_result = tu.tools.OpenTargets_get_drug_chembId_by_generic_name(drugName="atorvastatin")
# Response: {data: {search: {hits: [{id: "CHEMBL1487", name: "ATORVASTATIN", description: "..."}]}}}
chembl_id = chembl_result['data']['search']['hits'][0]['id']  # "CHEMBL1487"

# Step 2: Get drug mechanism of action
moa = tu.tools.OpenTargets_get_drug_mechanisms_of_action_by_chemblId(chemblId=chembl_id)
# Response: {data: {drug: {mechanismsOfAction: {rows: [{mechanismOfAction: "HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor", actionType: "INHIBITOR", targetName: "...", targets: [{id: "ENSG00000113161", approvedSymbol: "HMGCR"}]}]}}}}

# Step 3: Get blackbox warning status
blackbox = tu.tools.OpenTargets_get_drug_blackbox_status_by_chembl_ID(chemblId=chembl_id)
# Response: {data: {drug: {name: "ATORVASTATIN", hasBeenWithdrawn: false, blackBoxWarning: false}}}

# Step 4: Get DrugBank info (safety, toxicity)
drugbank = tu.tools.drugbank_get_safety_by_drug_name_or_drugbank_id(
    query="atorvastatin", case_sensitive=False, exact_match=False, limit=3
)
# Response: {results: [{drug_name: "Atorvastatin", drugbank_id: "DB01076", toxicity: "...", food_interactions: "..."}]}

# Step 5: Get DrugBank targets
targets = tu.tools.drugbank_get_targets_by_drug_name_or_drugbank_id(
    query="atorvastatin", case_sensitive=False, exact_match=False, limit=3
)
# Response: {results: [{drug_name: "...", targets: [{name: "HMG-CoA reductase", ...}]}]}

# Step 6: Get approved indications
indications = tu.tools.OpenTargets_get_drug_indications_by_chemblId(chemblId=chembl_id)
# Response: {data: {drug: {indications: {rows: [{disease: {name: "hypercholesterolemia"}, maxPhaseForIndication: 4}]}}}}

0.2 Output for Report

## 1. Drug Identification

| Property | Value |
|----------|-------|
| **Generic Name** | Atorvastatin |
| **ChEMBL ID** | CHEMBL1487 |
| **DrugBank ID** | DB01076 |
| **Drug Class** | HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (Statin) |
| **Mechanism** | HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (target: HMGCR) |
| **Primary Target** | HMGCR (ENSG00000113161) |
| **Black Box Warning** | No |
| **Withdrawn** | No |

*Source: OpenTargets, DrugBank*

---

Phase 1: FAERS Adverse Event Profiling

1.1 Query FAERS for Adverse Events

# Get top adverse event reactions (returns list of {term, count})
reactions = tu.tools.FAERS_count_reactions_by_drug_event(medicinalproduct="ATORVASTATIN")
# Response: [{term: "FATIGUE", count: 19171}, {term: "DIARRHOEA", count: 17127}, ...]

# Get seriousness classification
seriousness = tu.tools.FAERS_count_seriousness_by_drug_event(medicinalproduct="ATORVASTATIN")
# Response: [{term: "Serious", count: 242757}, {term: "Non-serious", count: 83504}]

# Get outcome distribution
outcomes = tu.tools.FAERS_count_outcomes_by_drug_event(medicinalproduct="ATORVASTATIN")
# Response: [{term: "Unknown", count: 162310}, {term: "Fatal", count: 22128}, ...]

# Get age distribution
age_dist = tu.tools.FAERS_count_patient_age_distribution(medicinalproduct="ATORVASTATIN")
# Response: [{term: "Elderly", count: 38510}, {term: "Adult", count: 24302}, ...]

# Get death-related events
deaths = tu.tools.FAERS_count_death_related_by_drug(medicinalproduct="ATORVASTATIN")
# Response: [{term: "alive", count: 113157}, {term: "death", count: 26909}]

# Get reporter country distribution
countries = tu.tools.FAERS_count_reportercountry_by_drug_event(medicinalproduct="ATORVASTATIN")
# Response: [{term: "US", count: 170963}, {term: "GB", count: 40079}, ...]

1.2 Get Serious Events Breakdown

# Filter serious events - all types
serious_all = tu.tools.FAERS_filter_serious_events(
    operation="filter_serious_events",
    drug_name="ATORVASTATIN",
    seriousness_type="all"
)
# Response: {status: "success", drug_name: "ATORVASTATIN", seriousness_type: "all",
#   total_serious_events: N, top_serious_reactions: [{reaction: "...", count: N}, ...]}

# Death-related serious events
serious_death = tu.tools.FAERS_filter_serious_events(
    operation="filter_serious_events",
    drug_name="ATORVASTATIN",
    seriousness_type="death"
)
# Response: {status: "success", total_serious_events: 18720,
#   top_serious_reactions: [{reaction: "DEATH", count: 7541}, {reaction: "MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION", count: 1286}, ...]}

# Hospitalization-related
serious_hosp = tu.tools.FAERS_filter_serious_events(
    operation="filter_serious_events",
    drug_name="ATORVASTATIN",
    seriousness_type="hospitalization"
)

# Life-threatening
serious_lt = tu.tools.FAERS_filter_serious_events(
    operation="filter_serious_events",
    drug_name="ATORVASTATIN",
    seriousness_type="life_threatening"
)

1.3 MedDRA Hierarchy Rollup

# Get MedDRA preferred term rollup (top 50)
meddra = tu.tools.FAERS_rollup_meddra_hierarchy(
    operation="rollup_meddra_hierarchy",
    drug_name="ATORVASTATIN"
)
# Response: {status: "success", drug_name: "ATORVASTATIN",
#   meddra_hierarchy: {PT_level: [{preferred_term: "FATIGUE", count: 13957}, ...]}}

1.4 Output for Report

## 2. FAERS Adverse Event Profile

### 2.1 Overview
- **Total reports**: 326,261 (Serious: 242,757 | Non-serious: 83,504)
- **Fatal outcomes**: 22,128
- **Primary reporter countries**: US (170,963), GB (40,079), CA (16,492)

### 2.2 Top 10 Adverse Events by Frequency

| Rank | Adverse Event | Reports | % of Total |
|------|---------------|---------|------------|
| 1 | Fatigue | 19,171 | 5.9% |
| 2 | Diarrhoea | 17,127 | 5.2% |
| 3 | Dyspnoea | 15,992 | 4.9% |
| ... | ... | ... | ... |

### 2.3 Outcome Distribution

| Outcome | Count | Percentage |
|---------|-------|------------|
| Unknown | 162,310 | 39.6% |
| Recovered/resolved | 94,737 | 23.1% |
| Not recovered | 77,721 | 18.9% |
| Recovering | 49,367 | 12.0% |
| Fatal | 22,128 | 5.4% |
| Recovered with sequelae | 4,930 | 1.2% |

### 2.4 Age Distribution

| Age Group | Reports | Percentage |
|-----------|---------|------------|
| Elderly | 38,510 | 61.3% |
| Adult | 24,302 | 38.7% |
| Other | 152 | <1% |

*Source: FAERS via FAERS_count_reactions_by_drug_event, FAERS_count_seriousness_by_drug_event*

---

Phase 2: Disproportionality Analysis (Signal Detection)

2.1 Calculate Signal Metrics

CRITICAL: This is the core of the skill. For each top adverse event (at least top 15-20), calculate PRR, ROR, and IC with 95% confidence intervals.

# For each significant adverse event, calculate disproportionality
top_events = ["Rhabdomyolysis", "Myalgia", "Hepatotoxicity", "Diabetes mellitus",
              "Acute kidney injury", "Myopathy", "Pancreatitis"]

for event in top_events:
    result = tu.tools.FAERS_calculate_disproportionality(
        operation="calculate_disproportionality",
        drug_name="ATORVASTATIN",
        adverse_event=event
    )
    # Response structure:
    # {
    #   status: "success",
    #   drug_name: "ATORVASTATIN",
    #   adverse_event: "Rhabdomyolysis",
    #   contingency_table: {
    #     a_drug_and_event: 2226,
    #     b_drug_no_event: 241655,
    #     c_no_drug_event: 37658,
    #     d_no_drug_no_event: 19725450
    #   },
    #   metrics: {
    #     ROR: {value: 4.825, ci_95_lower: 4.622, ci_95_upper: 5.037},
    #     PRR: {value: 4.79, ci_95_lower: 4.59, ci_95_upper: 4.998},
    #     IC: {value: 2.194, ci_95_lower: 2.136, ci_95_upper: 2.252}
    #   },
    #   signal_detection: {
    #     signal_detected: true,
    #     signal_strength: "Strong signal",
    #     criteria: "ROR lower CI > 1.0 and case count >= 3"
    #   }
    # }

2.2 Signal Detection Criteria

Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR):

• PRR = (a/(a+b)) / (c/(c+d))
• Signal: PRR >= 2.0 AND lower 95% CI > 1.0 AND case count >= 3

Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR):

• ROR = (ad) / (bc)
• Signal: Lower 95% CI > 1.0

Information Component (IC):

• IC = log2(observed/expected)
• Signal: Lower 95% CI > 0

2.3 Signal Strength Classification

Strength	PRR	ROR Lower CI	IC Lower CI	Clinical Action
Strong	>= 5.0	>= 3.0	>= 2.0	Immediate investigation required
Moderate	3.0-4.9	2.0-2.9	1.0-1.9	Active monitoring recommended
Weak	2.0-2.9	1.0-1.9	0-0.9	Routine monitoring, watch for trends
No signal	< 2.0	< 1.0	< 0	Standard pharmacovigilance

2.4 Demographic Stratification of Key Signals

# For strong/moderate signals, stratify by demographics
result = tu.tools.FAERS_stratify_by_demographics(
    operation="stratify_by_demographics",
    drug_name="ATORVASTATIN",
    adverse_event="Rhabdomyolysis",
    stratify_by="sex"  # Options: sex, age, country
)
# Response: {status: "success", total_reports: 1996,
#   stratification: [{group: 1, count: 1190, percentage: 59.62},  # 1=Male
#                    {group: 2, count: 781, percentage: 39.13}]}    # 2=Female

Note on sex codes: group 0 = Unknown, group 1 = Male, group 2 = Female.

2.5 Output for Report

## 3. Disproportionality Analysis (Signal Detection)

### 3.1 Signal Detection Summary

| Adverse Event | Cases (a) | PRR | PRR 95% CI | ROR | ROR 95% CI | IC | Signal |
|---------------|-----------|-----|------------|-----|------------|-----|--------|
| Rhabdomyolysis | 2,226 | 4.79 | 4.59-5.00 | 4.83 | 4.62-5.04 | 2.19 | **STRONG** |
| Myopathy | 1,234 | 6.12 | 5.72-6.55 | 6.18 | 5.77-6.62 | 2.54 | **STRONG** |
| Myalgia | 9,189 | 2.31 | 2.26-2.37 | 2.33 | 2.28-2.39 | 1.18 | Moderate |
| Hepatotoxicity | 456 | 3.45 | 3.10-3.84 | 3.48 | 3.13-3.87 | 1.72 | Moderate |
| Diabetes mellitus | 3,021 | 1.89 | 1.82-1.96 | 1.90 | 1.83-1.97 | 0.91 | Weak |
| Pancreatitis | 678 | 2.15 | 1.97-2.34 | 2.16 | 1.98-2.35 | 1.08 | Weak |

### 3.2 Demographics of Key Signals

**Rhabdomyolysis** (n=1,996):
- Male: 59.6%, Female: 39.1%, Unknown: 1.3%
- Predominantly elderly (>65 years)

*Source: FAERS via FAERS_calculate_disproportionality, FAERS_stratify_by_demographics*

---

Phase 3: FDA Label Safety Information

3.1 Extract Label Sections

# Boxed warnings
boxed = tu.tools.FDA_get_boxed_warning_info_by_drug_name(drug_name="atorvastatin")
# Response: {meta: {total: N}, results: [{boxed_warning: ["...text..."]}]}
# NOTE: Returns {error: {code: "NOT_FOUND"}} if no boxed warning exists

# Contraindications
contras = tu.tools.FDA_get_contraindications_by_drug_name(drug_name="atorvastatin")
# Response: {meta: {total: N}, results: [{openfda.generic_name: [...], contraindications: ["...text..."]}]}

# Warnings and precautions
warnings = tu.tools.FDA_get_warnings_by_drug_name(drug_name="atorvastatin")
# Response: {meta: {total: N}, results: [{warnings: ["...text..."], boxed_warning: [...]}]}

# Adverse reactions from label
adverse_rxns = tu.tools.FDA_get_adverse_reactions_by_drug_name(drug_name="atorvastatin")
# Response: {meta: {total: N}, results: [{adverse_reactions: ["...text..."]}]}

# Drug interactions from label
interactions = tu.tools.FDA_get_drug_interactions_by_drug_name(drug_name="atorvastatin")
# Response: {meta: {total: N}, results: [{drug_interactions: ["...text..."]}]}

# Pregnancy/breastfeeding
pregnancy = tu.tools.FDA_get_pregnancy_or_breastfeeding_info_by_drug_name(drug_name="atorvastatin")

# Geriatric use
geriatric = tu.tools.FDA_get_geriatric_use_info_by_drug_name(drug_name="atorvastatin")

# Pediatric use
pediatric = tu.tools.FDA_get_pediatric_use_info_by_drug_name(drug_name="atorvastatin")

# Pharmacogenomics from label
pgx_label = tu.tools.FDA_get_pharmacogenomics_info_by_drug_name(drug_name="atorvastatin")

3.2 Handling No Results

IMPORTANT: FDA label tools return {error: {code: "NOT_FOUND"}} when a section does not exist. This is NORMAL for many drugs - for example, most drugs do NOT have boxed warnings. Always check for this pattern:

# Check if boxed warning exists
if isinstance(boxed, dict) and 'error' in boxed:
    boxed_warning_text = "None (no boxed warning for this drug)"
else:
    boxed_warning_text = boxed['results'][0].get('boxed_warning', ['None'])[0]

3.3 Output for Report

## 4. FDA Label Safety Information

### 4.1 Boxed Warning
None

### 4.2 Contraindications
- Acute liver failure or decompensated cirrhosis
- Hypersensitivity to atorvastatin (includes anaphylaxis, angioedema, SJS, TEN)

### 4.3 Warnings and Precautions
| Warning | Clinical Relevance |
|---------|-------------------|
| Myopathy/Rhabdomyolysis | Risk with CYP3A4 inhibitors, high doses |
| Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy | Rare autoimmune myopathy |
| Hepatic Dysfunction | Monitor LFTs |
| Increased HbA1c/Glucose | Diabetes risk |

### 4.4 Drug Interactions (from label)
| Interacting Drug | Mechanism | Clinical Action |
|-----------------|-----------|-----------------|
| Cyclosporine | Increased exposure | Avoid combination |
| CYP3A4 inhibitors | Increased atorvastatin levels | Use lowest dose |
| Gemfibrozil | Increased myopathy risk | Avoid |

### 4.5 Special Populations
- **Pregnancy**: Contraindicated
- **Geriatric**: No dose adjustment needed
- **Pediatric**: Approved for heterozygous FH ages 10+

*Source: FDA drug labels via FDA_get_contraindications_by_drug_name, FDA_get_warnings_by_drug_name*

---

Phase 4: Mechanism-Based Adverse Event Context

4.1 Target Safety Profile

# Get target safety data from OpenTargets
# First get target ensembl ID from MOA result
target_id = "ENSG00000113161"  # HMGCR from Phase 0

safety = tu.tools.OpenTargets_get_target_safety_profile_by_ensemblID(ensemblId=target_id)
# Response: {data: {target: {id: "...", approvedSymbol: "HMGCR",
#   safetyLiabilities: [{event: "Decrease, Fertility", eventId: "...",
#     effects: [{direction: "Inhibition/Decrease/Downregulation"}],
#     studies: [{type: "cell-based"}], datasource: "AOP-Wiki"}]}}}

# Get OpenTargets adverse events (uses FAERS data)
ot_aes = tu.tools.OpenTargets_get_drug_adverse_events_by_chemblId(chemblId="CHEMBL1487")
# Response: {data: {drug: {adverseEvents: {count: 13, criticalValue: 513.67,
#   rows: [{name: "myalgia", meddraCode: "10028411", count: 4126, logLR: 6067.33}, ...]}}}}

4.2 ADMET Predictions (if SMILES available)

# Get SMILES from DrugBank/PharmGKB
smiles = "CC(C)C1=C(C(=C(N1CC[C@H](C[C@H](CC(=O)O)O)O)C2=CC=C(C=C2)F)C3=CC=CC=C3)C(=O)NC4=CC=CC=C4"

# Toxicity predictions
toxicity = tu.tools.ADMETAI_predict_toxicity(smiles=[smiles])
# Response: predictions for hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, etc.

# CYP interaction predictions
cyp = tu.tools.ADMETAI_predict_CYP_interactions(smiles=[smiles])
# Response: CYP inhibition/substrate predictions

4.3 Drug Warnings from OpenTargets

# Drug warnings (withdrawals, safety warnings)
warnings = tu.tools.OpenTargets_get_drug_warnings_by_chemblId(chemblId="CHEMBL1487")
# Response: {data: {drug: {id: "CHEMBL1487", name: "ATORVASTATIN"}}}
# Note: Empty if no warnings exist

4.4 Output for Report

## 5. Mechanism-Based Adverse Event Context

### 5.1 Target Safety Profile (HMGCR)
| Safety Liability | Direction | Evidence | Source |
|-----------------|-----------|----------|--------|
| Decreased fertility | Inhibition | Cell-based | AOP-Wiki |

### 5.2 OpenTargets Significant Adverse Events
| Adverse Event | FAERS Count | log(LR) | MedDRA Code |
|---------------|-------------|---------|-------------|
| Myalgia | 4,126 | 6,067 | 10028411 |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 2,546 | 4,788 | 10039020 |
| CPK increased | 1,709 | 2,909 | 10005470 |

### 5.3 ADMET Predictions
| Property | Prediction | Confidence |
|----------|-----------|------------|
| Hepatotoxicity | Moderate risk | 0.65 |
| Cardiotoxicity (hERG) | Low risk | 0.23 |
| CYP3A4 substrate | Yes | 0.92 |

*Source: OpenTargets, ADMETAI*

---

Phase 5: Comparative Safety Analysis

5.1 Compare to Drug Class

# Head-to-head comparison with class member
comparison = tu.tools.FAERS_compare_drugs(
    operation="compare_drugs",
    drug1="ATORVASTATIN",
    drug2="SIMVASTATIN",
    adverse_event="Rhabdomyolysis"
)
# Response: {status: "success", adverse_event: "Rhabdomyolysis",
#   drug1: {name: "ATORVASTATIN", metrics: {PRR: {value: 4.79, ...}, ROR: {...}, IC: {...}},
#           signal_detection: {signal_detected: true, signal_strength: "Strong signal"}},
#   drug2: {name: "SIMVASTATIN", metrics: {PRR: {value: 12.78, ...}, ...}},
#   comparison: "SIMVASTATIN shows stronger signal than ATORVASTATIN"}

# Compare multiple events across class members
class_drugs = ["ATORVASTATIN", "SIMVASTATIN", "ROSUVASTATIN", "PRAVASTATIN"]
key_events = ["Rhabdomyolysis", "Myalgia", "Hepatotoxicity", "Diabetes mellitus"]
# Run FAERS_compare_drugs for each pair and event combination

# Aggregate adverse events across drug class
class_aes = tu.tools.FAERS_count_additive_adverse_reactions(
    medicinalproducts=class_drugs
)
# Response: [{term: "FATIGUE", count: N}, ...]

# Aggregate seriousness across class
class_serious = tu.tools.FAERS_count_additive_seriousness_classification(
    medicinalproducts=class_drugs
)
# Response: [{term: "Serious", count: N}, {term: "Non-serious", count: N}]

5.2 Output for Report

## 6. Comparative Safety Analysis (Statin Class)

### 6.1 Head-to-Head: Rhabdomyolysis

| Drug | PRR | PRR 95% CI | ROR | Cases | Signal |
|------|-----|------------|-----|-------|--------|
| Simvastatin | 12.78 | 12.43-13.14 | 13.05 | 5,234 | **STRONG** |
| Atorvastatin | 4.79 | 4.59-5.00 | 4.83 | 2,226 | **STRONG** |
| Rosuvastatin | 3.45 | 3.21-3.71 | 3.47 | 1,102 | Moderate |
| Pravastatin | 5.67 | 5.28-6.09 | 5.72 | 1,876 | **STRONG** |

### 6.2 Class-Wide vs Drug-Specific Signals

| Signal Type | Events |
|-------------|--------|
| **Class-wide** (all statins) | Myalgia, Rhabdomyolysis, CPK elevation, Hepatotoxicity |
| **Drug-specific** (atorvastatin) | [None identified - all signals are class-wide] |

*Source: FAERS via FAERS_compare_drugs*

---

Phase 6: Drug-Drug Interactions & Risk Factors

6.1 Drug-Drug Interactions

# FDA label DDIs
ddi_label = tu.tools.FDA_get_drug_interactions_by_drug_name(drug_name="atorvastatin")
# Response: {results: [{drug_interactions: ["...text..."]}]}

# DrugBank interactions
ddi_db = tu.tools.drugbank_get_drug_interactions_by_drug_name_or_id(
    query="atorvastatin", case_sensitive=False, exact_match=False, limit=3
)

# DailyMed DDIs
ddi_dailymed = tu.tools.DailyMed_parse_drug_interactions(drug_name="atorvastatin")

6.2 Pharmacogenomic Risk Factors

# PharmGKB drug search
pgx_search = tu.tools.PharmGKB_search_drugs(query="atorvastatin")
# Response: {status: "success", data: [{id: "PA448500", name: "atorvastatin", smiles: "..."}]}

# Get detailed PGx info
pgx_details = tu.tools.PharmGKB_get_drug_details(drug_id="PA448500")

# PharmGKB dosing guidelines
dosing = tu.tools.PharmGKB_get_dosing_guidelines(gene="SLCO1B1")
# SLCO1B1 is key pharmacogene for statins

# FDA PGx biomarkers
fda_pgx = tu.tools.fda_pharmacogenomic_biomarkers(drug_name="atorvastatin", limit=10)
# Response: {count: N, results: [{drug_name: "...", biomarker: "...", ...}]}
# Note: May return empty results for some drugs

6.3 Output for Report

## 7. Drug-Drug Interactions & Pharmacogenomic Risk

### 7.1 Key Drug-Drug Interactions
| Interacting Drug | Mechanism | Risk | Management |
|-----------------|-----------|------|------------|
| Cyclosporine | CYP3A4 inhibition | Rhabdomyolysis | Avoid combination |
| Clarithromycin | CYP3A4 inhibition | Myopathy | Limit to 20mg/day |
| Gemfibrozil | Glucuronidation inhibition | Myopathy | Avoid combination |
| Niacin (>1g/day) | Additive myotoxicity | Myopathy | Monitor closely |