bio-workflow-management-cwl-workflows

---

name: bio-workflow-management-cwl-workflows description: Create portable, standards-based bioinformatics pipelines with Common Workflow Language (CWL). Use when building workflows that need maximum portability across execution platforms, sharing pipelines with collaborators using different systems, or contributing to community workflow registries. tool_type: cli primary_tool: cwltool measurable_outcome: Execute skill workflow successfully with valid output within 15 minutes. allowed-tools:

• read_file
• run_shell_command

---

CWL Workflows

Basic Tool Definition

# fastqc.cwl
cwlVersion: v1.2
class: CommandLineTool
baseCommand: fastqc

inputs:
  fastq:
    type: File
    inputBinding:
      position: 1

outputs:
  html:
    type: File
    outputBinding:
      glob: "*_fastqc.html"
  zip:
    type: File
    outputBinding:
      glob: "*_fastqc.zip"

Tool with Parameters

# bwa_mem.cwl
cwlVersion: v1.2
class: CommandLineTool
baseCommand: [bwa, mem]

requirements:
  DockerRequirement:
    dockerPull: biocontainers/bwa:v0.7.17
  ResourceRequirement:
    coresMin: 8
    ramMin: 16000

inputs:
  threads:
    type: int
    default: 8
    inputBinding:
      prefix: -t
      position: 1
  reference:
    type: File
    secondaryFiles:
      - .amb
      - .ann
      - .bwt
      - .pac
      - .sa
    inputBinding:
      position: 2
  reads_1:
    type: File
    inputBinding:
      position: 3
  reads_2:
    type: File?
    inputBinding:
      position: 4

stdout: aligned.sam

outputs:
  sam:
    type: stdout

Basic Workflow

# rnaseq.cwl
cwlVersion: v1.2
class: Workflow

inputs:
  fastq_1: File
  fastq_2: File
  salmon_index: Directory

outputs:
  quant_results:
    type: Directory
    outputSource: salmon/quant_dir

steps:
  fastp:
    run: fastp.cwl
    in:
      reads_1: fastq_1
      reads_2: fastq_2
    out: [trimmed_1, trimmed_2, json_report]

  salmon:
    run: salmon_quant.cwl
    in:
      index: salmon_index
      reads_1: fastp/trimmed_1
      reads_2: fastp/trimmed_2
    out: [quant_dir]

Scatter (Parallel Execution)

cwlVersion: v1.2
class: Workflow

requirements:
  ScatterFeatureRequirement: {}

inputs:
  fastq_files:
    type: File[]
  reference: File

outputs:
  bam_files:
    type: File[]
    outputSource: align/bam

steps:
  align:
    run: bwa_mem.cwl
    scatter: fastq
    in:
      fastq: fastq_files
      reference: reference
    out: [bam]

Multi-Scatter

requirements:
  ScatterFeatureRequirement: {}
  MultipleInputFeatureRequirement: {}

steps:
  align:
    run: bwa_mem.cwl
    scatter: [reads_1, reads_2]
    scatterMethod: dotproduct
    in:
      reads_1: fastq_1_array
      reads_2: fastq_2_array
      reference: reference
    out: [bam]

Input File (Job)

# job.yaml
fastq_1:
  class: File
  path: data/sample1_R1.fq.gz
fastq_2:
  class: File
  path: data/sample1_R2.fq.gz
salmon_index:
  class: Directory
  path: ref/salmon_index
threads: 8

Secondary Files

inputs:
  bam:
    type: File
    secondaryFiles:
      - .bai
  reference:
    type: File
    secondaryFiles:
      - pattern: .fai
        required: true
      - pattern: .dict
        required: false

Docker and Singularity

requirements:
  DockerRequirement:
    dockerPull: quay.io/biocontainers/salmon:1.10.0--h7e5ed60_0

hints:
  SoftwareRequirement:
    packages:
      salmon:
        version: ["1.10.0"]

# Run with Docker
cwltool --docker workflow.cwl job.yaml

# Run with Singularity
cwltool --singularity workflow.cwl job.yaml

Resource Requirements

requirements:
  ResourceRequirement:
    coresMin: 4
    coresMax: 16
    ramMin: 8000
    ramMax: 32000
    outdirMin: 10000
    tmpdirMin: 10000

Conditional Steps

cwlVersion: v1.2
class: Workflow

requirements:
  InlineJavascriptRequirement: {}

inputs:
  run_qc: boolean
  fastq: File

steps:
  fastqc:
    run: fastqc.cwl
    when: $(inputs.run_qc)
    in:
      run_qc: run_qc
      fastq: fastq
    out: [html]

Subworkflows

# main.cwl
steps:
  qc_workflow:
    run: subworkflows/qc.cwl
    in:
      reads_1: fastq_1
      reads_2: fastq_2
    out: [qc_report, trimmed_1, trimmed_2]

  alignment_workflow:
    run: subworkflows/align.cwl
    in:
      reads_1: qc_workflow/trimmed_1
      reads_2: qc_workflow/trimmed_2
    out: [bam]

File Arrays and Directories

inputs:
  bam_files:
    type: File[]
  output_dir:
    type: string
    default: "results"

outputs:
  results:
    type: Directory
    outputBinding:
      glob: $(inputs.output_dir)

JavaScript Expressions

requirements:
  InlineJavascriptRequirement: {}

inputs:
  sample_name: string

outputs:
  output_bam:
    type: File
    outputBinding:
      glob: $(inputs.sample_name + ".sorted.bam")

arguments:
  - prefix: -o
    valueFrom: $(inputs.sample_name).sorted.bam

InitialWorkDirRequirement

requirements:
  InitialWorkDirRequirement:
    listing:
      - entry: $(inputs.reference)
        writable: false
      - entryname: config.txt
        entry: |
          threads=$(inputs.threads)
          memory=$(inputs.memory)

Complete RNA-seq Tool

# salmon_quant.cwl
cwlVersion: v1.2
class: CommandLineTool
baseCommand: [salmon, quant]

requirements:
  DockerRequirement:
    dockerPull: quay.io/biocontainers/salmon:1.10.0--h7e5ed60_0
  ResourceRequirement:
    coresMin: 8
    ramMin: 16000

inputs:
  index:
    type: Directory
    inputBinding:
      prefix: -i
  reads_1:
    type: File
    inputBinding:
      prefix: "-1"
  reads_2:
    type: File
    inputBinding:
      prefix: "-2"
  lib_type:
    type: string
    default: A
    inputBinding:
      prefix: -l
  threads:
    type: int
    default: 8
    inputBinding:
      prefix: --threads
  output_dir:
    type: string
    default: quant_output
    inputBinding:
      prefix: -o

outputs:
  quant_dir:
    type: Directory
    outputBinding:
      glob: $(inputs.output_dir)

Run Commands

# Validate CWL file
cwltool --validate workflow.cwl

# Run workflow
cwltool workflow.cwl job.yaml

# Run with Docker
cwltool --docker workflow.cwl job.yaml

# Run with Singularity
cwltool --singularity workflow.cwl job.yaml

# Run with caching
cwltool --cachedir ./cache workflow.cwl job.yaml

# Run on Toil
toil-cwl-runner workflow.cwl job.yaml

Execution Engines

Engine	Use Case
cwltool	Reference implementation, local execution
Toil	HPC clusters, cloud (AWS, Google, Azure)
Arvados	Enterprise workflow management
CWL-Airflow	Airflow integration

Related Skills

• workflow-management/wdl-workflows - WDL alternative
• workflow-management/snakemake-workflows - Python-based alternative
• workflow-management/nextflow-pipelines - Groovy-based alternative