Classic Theme Customizer

Use this when adding or reviewing Customizer settings for a classic PHP theme. This is for theme presentation choices such as colors, layout toggles, logo-adjacent display settings, and small design options.

Do not use theme Customizer settings for plugin-like business data, payment credentials, complex content models, or cross-theme application state.

When to Use This Skill

• Adding customize_register code to a classic theme.
• Creating a color, select, checkbox, text, image, or layout option.
• Reviewing get_theme_mod() output in templates.
• Adding live preview with postMessage or selective refresh.
• Fixing unsanitized Customizer settings or controls registered outside the correct hook.

Registration Hook

Register settings, sections, and controls on customize_register.

add_action( 'customize_register', 'mytheme_customize_register' );

function mytheme_customize_register( WP_Customize_Manager $wp_customize ) {
	$wp_customize->add_section(
		'mytheme_layout',
		array(
			'title'    => __( 'Layout', 'textdomain' ),
			'priority' => 160,
		)
	);
}

Rules:

• Use the WP_Customize_Manager instance passed to the hook.
• Prefix setting IDs with the theme slug.
• Keep Customizer setup in inc/customizer.php or a similarly scoped include, loaded from functions.php.
• Do not register controls during normal template rendering.

Settings Must Sanitize

Every custom setting needs a sanitize_callback.

$wp_customize->add_setting(
	'mytheme_accent_color',
	array(
		'default'           => '#0a7a75',
		'type'              => 'theme_mod',
		'capability'        => 'edit_theme_options',
		'transport'         => 'refresh',
		'sanitize_callback' => 'sanitize_hex_color',
	)
);

Rules:

• Prefer type => 'theme_mod' for theme design settings.
• Use type => 'option' only when the value is intentionally shared beyond the active theme.
• When using type => 'option', set autoload => false for values that are not needed on most requests; core's multidimensional option save defaults to autoloading unless an autoload arg is supplied.
• The default capability is edit_theme_options; set it explicitly when clarity helps.
• Use transport => 'refresh' unless live preview is actually implemented.
• Add validate_callback when a value can be syntactically valid but semantically unacceptable.

Common sanitizers:

Value	Sanitizer
Hex color	sanitize_hex_color
Plain text	sanitize_text_field
Textarea	sanitize_textarea_field
URL	esc_url_raw
Checkbox	Custom boolean sanitizer
Select/radio	Custom allowlist sanitizer
Integer	absint

Controls

Use core controls where they fit.

$wp_customize->add_control(
	new WP_Customize_Color_Control(
		$wp_customize,
		'mytheme_accent_color',
		array(
			'label'   => __( 'Accent color', 'textdomain' ),
			'section' => 'mytheme_layout',
		)
	)
);

Select controls must pair with an allowlist sanitizer:

function mytheme_sanitize_layout( $value ) {
	$allowed = array( 'full', 'boxed', 'narrow' );

	if ( in_array( $value, $allowed, true ) ) {
		return $value;
	}

	return 'full';
}

$wp_customize->add_setting(
	'mytheme_site_layout',
	array(
		'default'           => 'full',
		'sanitize_callback' => 'mytheme_sanitize_layout',
	)
);

$wp_customize->add_control(
	'mytheme_site_layout',
	array(
		'label'   => __( 'Site layout', 'textdomain' ),
		'section' => 'mytheme_layout',
		'type'    => 'select',
		'choices' => array(
			'full'   => __( 'Full width', 'textdomain' ),
			'boxed'  => __( 'Boxed', 'textdomain' ),
			'narrow' => __( 'Narrow', 'textdomain' ),
		),
	)
);

Reading Values in Templates

Customizer values are stored data. Sanitize on save and escape on output.

$layout = get_theme_mod( 'mytheme_site_layout', 'full' );

if ( in_array( $layout, array( 'full', 'boxed', 'narrow' ), true ) ) {
	printf(
		'<div class="site-layout site-layout-%s">',
		esc_attr( $layout )
	);
}

Rules:

• Always pass a default to get_theme_mod().
• Escape by output context: esc_html(), esc_attr(), esc_url(), or controlled KSES.
• Do not echo raw Customizer values into HTML, attributes, CSS, or JavaScript.
• For CSS variables or inline CSS, validate allowed formats tightly before output.
• Multidimensional setting IDs such as mytheme_options[color] are one root value plus subkeys. Keep the root option array small and typed; do not use it as a dumping ground for unrelated data.

Live Preview with postMessage

Use postMessage only when preview JavaScript is registered.

$wp_customize->get_setting( 'blogname' )->transport = 'postMessage';

add_action( 'customize_preview_init', 'mytheme_customize_preview_js' );

function mytheme_customize_preview_js() {
	wp_enqueue_script(
		'mytheme-customize-preview',
		get_theme_file_uri( 'assets/js/customize-preview.js' ),
		array( 'customize-preview' ),
		mytheme_asset_version( 'assets/js/customize-preview.js' ),
		array( 'in_footer' => true )
	);
}

Preview script:

( function ( wp ) {
	wp.customize( 'blogname', function ( value ) {
		value.bind( function ( nextValue ) {
			var siteTitle = document.querySelector( '.site-title a' );

			if ( siteTitle ) {
				siteTitle.textContent = nextValue;
			}
		} );
	} );
}( window.wp ) );

Rules:

• Preview JS depends on customize-preview.
• Controls-pane JS belongs on customize_controls_enqueue_scripts.
• If there is no preview JS, leave transport as refresh.

Selective Refresh

Use selective refresh when a small server-rendered fragment can be updated without refreshing the whole preview.

if ( isset( $wp_customize->selective_refresh ) ) {
	$wp_customize->selective_refresh->add_partial(
		'blogname',
		array(
			'selector'        => '.site-title a',
			'render_callback' => 'mytheme_render_site_title',
		)
	);
}

function mytheme_render_site_title() {
	echo esc_html( get_bloginfo( 'name' ) );
}

Rules:

• The selector must match stable frontend markup.
• The render callback must output or return safe, escaped markup.
• Do not use selective refresh for large, fragile page sections unless the markup is stable and tested.

Theme Boundary

Good Customizer settings:

• Accent color.
• Header layout.
• Sidebar position.
• Footer text when it is purely theme presentation.
• Archive excerpt length when it is theme display behavior.

Bad Customizer settings:

• API keys and secrets.
• Checkout/business rules.
• CPT data models.
• Email templates owned by a plugin.
• Anything that should survive theme switching as application state.

Review Checklist

• Settings are registered on customize_register.
• Every custom setting has sanitize_callback.
• Select/radio values are allowlisted.
• theme_mod is used for theme-specific presentation settings.
• Templates escape get_theme_mod() output by context.
• postMessage settings have preview JS.
• Preview JS uses customize_preview_init and depends on customize-preview.
• Controls JS/CSS uses customize_controls_enqueue_scripts.
• Selective refresh partials use stable selectors and safe render callbacks.
• Theme does not store plugin-like data in Customizer settings.
• Option-backed settings have an intentional autoload value.

Common Mistakes

• Adding controls without sanitizers because the UI "only has safe choices".
• Using postMessage but not enqueueing preview JavaScript.
• Echoing get_theme_mod() raw inside a class attribute or style attribute.
• Registering Customizer objects on init.
• Using option storage for values that should be theme-specific.
• Letting a Customizer control write arbitrary CSS without validation.

Cross-References

• Use wp-settings-storage-audit to review the broader persistence contract: theme_mod vs option, array shape, defaults, autoload, REST exposure, and migration.
• Use wp-plugin-options-storage when the value is plugin-owned or should survive theme switching.

References

• Official documentation: https://developer.wordpress.org/themes/customize-api/
• Official documentation: https://developer.wordpress.org/themes/customize-api/customizer-objects/
• Official documentation: https://developer.wordpress.org/themes/customize-api/the-customizer-javascript-api/
• Verified source paths:
  • wp-includes/class-wp-customize-manager.php
  • wp-includes/class-wp-customize-setting.php
  • wp-includes/class-wp-customize-control.php
  • wp-includes/customize/class-wp-customize-selective-refresh.php
  • wp-includes/theme.php
  • wp-content/themes/storefront/inc/customizer/
  • wp-content/themes/generatepress/inc/customizer.php