Compose Multiplatform

You write one Compose UI tree in commonMain and let each platform be a thin host. The whole discipline is one sentence: common by default, platform by exception. Every line you put in commonMain ships to Android, iOS, and desktop unchanged; every line you put in a platform source set is a deliberate exception you should be able to justify.

Versions floor (2026)

Pin these or the K2 compiler bites you. Verify against current docs before locking a project — these are the floors, not opinions.

• Compose Multiplatform 1.11.0, bundling Jetpack Compose 1.11.1.
• Kotlin 2.1.0+ required (2.2.20 recommended for evolving iOS/Web targets). Since CMP 1.8.0 the K2 compiler is mandatory, so every dependency must compile against Kotlin 2.1.0+.
• iOS is Stable (production-ready since CMP 1.8.0, May 2025): feature parity for popular cases, type-safe navigation with deep linking, accessibility (VoiceOver, Full Keyboard Access).
• Web is Beta (CMP 1.9.0, Sept 2025), runs on WasmGC browsers. Do not promise Web parity — ship Android/iOS/desktop, pilot Web.
• Platform minimums: Android API 21, iOS 14+, macOS 13 arm64, Windows 10+, Ubuntu 20.04+, desktop JDK 11+ (17+ for jpackage packaging).

Where does this code go?

This is the question you answer dozens of times a day. Default to the leftmost column that compiles.

Source set	Put here	Concrete example	Never here
commonMain	Shared @Composables, ViewModels, business logic, common interfaces, expect declarations	@Composable fun GreetingScreen(), expect fun platformName(): String	android.*, platform.UIKit, java.awt, androidx.activity
androidMain	Activity, actual using Android Context/Build	class MainActivity : ComponentActivity	iOS/desktop-only APIs
iosMain	ComposeUIViewController factory, actual via cinterop/platform.*	fun MainViewController() = ComposeUIViewController { App() }	android.*
desktopMain	application {} window, Swing interop	application { Window(::exitApplication) { App() } }	mobile-only APIs
wasmJsMain (Beta)	Web entry point	ComposeViewport(document.body!!) { App() }	anything you can't ship as Beta

Why this matters: a platform import in commonMain breaks the build for every other target, and the error surfaces in the iOS link step, far from the offending line. Keep commonMain import-clean.

Project structure (the 2026 default)

The current default KMP layout (announced May 2026, aligned with AGP 9.0) is a dedicated shared KMP library module + per-platform app modules, not the old single composeApp:

my-app/
  shared/            # KMP library: commonMain holds the Compose UI tree
    src/
      commonMain/    # @Composables, ViewModels, expect declarations, DI
      androidMain/   # actual impls using android.*
      iosMain/       # actual impls + ComposeUIViewController
      desktopMain/   # actual impls + application {} window
      wasmJsMain/    # web entry (Beta)
  androidApp/        # thin Android host -> setContent { App() }
  iosApp/            # Xcode project -> embeds the shared framework
  desktopApp/        # ./gradlew :desktopApp:run
  webApp/            # WasmGC entry (Beta)

Split rule: if some screens are native and only some are shared Compose, split into sharedLogic (all platforms) + sharedUI (CMP platforms only). A server-inclusive project adds a root core module. Don't pre-split — start with one shared module and split when a platform genuinely needs native UI.

Source-set hierarchy — commonMain fans out, with intermediate sets where targets share code:

commonMain
├── androidMain
├── desktopMain (jvm)
├── wasmJsMain (Beta)
└── iosMain (intermediate)
    ├── iosArm64
    └── iosSimulatorArm64

Scaffold a new project with kmp.new or the Kotlin Multiplatform wizard (IntelliJ IDEA 2025.2.2+ / Android Studio Otter 2025.2.1+ with the KMP plugin). Add a shared module to an existing Android app via Android Studio's Shared Module Template.

Minimal version-catalog plugin wiring (full Gradle in references/project-setup.md):

// gradle/libs.versions.toml
[versions]
kotlin = "2.2.20"
compose = "1.11.0"
agp = "9.0.0"

[plugins]
kotlinMultiplatform = { id = "org.jetbrains.kotlin.multiplatform", version.ref = "kotlin" }
composeMultiplatform = { id = "org.jetbrains.compose", version.ref = "compose" }

expect / actual — the core mechanism

expect/actual is how you reach a platform API while keeping the call site common. Declare expect in commonMain; provide an actual in every target you compile.

// commonMain
expect fun platformName(): String

// androidMain
import android.os.Build
actual fun platformName(): String = "Android ${Build.VERSION.SDK_INT}"

// iosMain
import platform.UIKit.UIDevice
actual fun platformName(): String =
    UIDevice.currentDevice.systemName + " " + UIDevice.currentDevice.systemVersion

Rules, each with the reason it exists:

• Every expect needs an actual in every compiled target. An orphan expect is not a warning — it is a hard build failure (often only surfacing on the iOS target), so add the actual per target or remove the target.
• Keep the common surface tiny. Each expect symbol multiplies into N actuals you maintain; expose the smallest function, not a fat class.
• Prefer a common interface + DI over deep expect trees for anything you want to test or fake. expect class can't be mocked in common tests.

// Bad: deep expect class — N actuals, untestable in commonTest
expect class Database {
    fun query(sql: String): List<Row>
    fun close()
}

// Good: common interface, platform impls injected via Koin (fakeable in tests)
interface Database {
    fun query(sql: String): List<Row>
    fun close()
}
// androidMain/iosMain provide SqliteDatabase implementing Database, bound in a Koin module.

Native interop

You bridge in both directions. Shared Compose embeds native views; native hosts embed shared Compose.

• iOS — native view inside shared Compose: UIKitView / UIKitViewController with a factory lambda.
• iOS — shared Compose inside SwiftUI: wrap ComposeUIViewController in a UIViewControllerRepresentable.
• Android: AndroidView for native views; host the tree via setContent { App() } in an Activity.
• Desktop: application { Window { App() } }; Swing interop via SwingPanel.

Embed a native view through an injected interface, not a raw expect — so the common screen stays platform-agnostic and testable:

// commonMain
interface MapFactory { /* returns a platform map handle */ }

@Composable
fun MapScreen(mapFactory: MapFactory = koinInject()) {
    // iosMain provides the actual UIKitView wiring around mapFactory; see references/ios-interop.md
}

Full bridge patterns (ComposeUIViewController SwiftUI wrapper, native-view-factory-via-Koin, MapKit/camera, ViewModel lifecycle) live in references/ios-interop.md — read it before writing iOS interop.

State, ViewModel, navigation, DI

• androidx.lifecycle.ViewModel works in commonMain. Obtain instances with koin-compose-viewmodel's koinViewModel { } so they survive recomposition. iOS has no built-in ViewModelStoreOwner — tie the VM lifecycle to SwiftUI manually (KMP-ObservableViewModel lets SwiftUI observe Kotlin VMs).
• Koin is the common DI runtime. Define a shared initKoin() and call it from the Android Application and from iOS app init:

// commonMain
fun initKoin(config: KoinAppDeclaration? = null) = startKoin {
    config?.invoke(this)
    modules(appModule, platformModule)
}

• Navigation: androidx.navigation provides type-safe nav + deep links in commonMain.
• Resources: compose.components.resources generates Res accessors — Res.string.app_name, Res.drawable.logo, fonts — shared across all platforms.

Running & packaging

• Android: run the androidApp run config (hosts via setContent).
• iOS: open iosApp in Xcode, or use the KMP iOS run config in the IDE.
• Desktop: ./gradlew :desktopApp:run; package with ./gradlew :desktopApp:packageDistributionForCurrentOS (needs JDK 17+ for jpackage).
• Web (Beta): ./gradlew :webApp:wasmJsBrowserDevelopmentRun.

Anti-patterns

Anti-pattern	Why it bites	Do instead
android.* / platform.UIKit / java.awt import in commonMain	Breaks the build for every other target, error surfaces far away	expect/actual or inject via a common interface
expect with no actual for a target	Hard build failure on that target	Add an actual per compiled target or drop the target
Recreating a ViewModel each recomposition (remember { VM() } wrong)	State loss on every recompose	koinViewModel { } / hoist state
Treating Compose Web as production	Web is Beta (1.9), not Stable	Ship Android/iOS/desktop; pilot Web only
Kotlin < 2.1.0 with CMP 1.8+	K2 incompatibility — deps fail to link	Bump to Kotlin 2.2.x
Deep expect class for testable logic	Can't fake in commonTest	Common interface + Koin-injected platform impl
Pre-splitting into sharedLogic/sharedUI on day one	Premature complexity, extra Gradle wiring	Start with one shared module; split when a platform needs native UI

Verify

After scaffolding or editing, run scripts/verify.sh <project-dir> (read-only, no Gradle/Xcode needed). It statically checks the structural invariants:

• a commonMain source set exists;
• every expect in commonMain has a matching actual in some platform source set (catches orphans);
• the Compose Multiplatform plugin (org.jetbrains.compose) and a Kotlin version are present, and Kotlin is >= 2.1.0 (K2 floor);
• no forbidden platform imports leak into commonMain.

It exits 0 on a clean or empty target and non-zero only on hard failures.