CPU — gbz80

Game Boy CPU (Sharp LR35902). Z80-like with different encodings, a four-flag register, and no IX/IY/exx/ex de,hl. Classic path libsrc/l/sccz80/8-gbz80/, product gbz80_crt0.lib, target +gb, assemble -mgbz80.

z88dk writes Zilog mnemonics. Pastraiser and Nintendo docs use mixed Nintendo / Intel names. Translate on the way in.

Conventions (always follow)

1. Mnemonics are Zilog, as in Z80 assembly — not Nintendo LDH/LDHL/LDI as the house spelling (those aliases assemble; do not emit them in new sources except ldh, which is the Zilog name for the HRAM ops).
2. Opcode bytes and timings are Game Boy, not Z80 (many shared mnemonics use different encodings or do not exist).
3. Immediate forms: * = 8-bit (d8 unsigned, r8 signed, a8 HRAM offset). ** = 16-bit immediate/address (d16/a16). These */** are placeholders.
4. add sp,* and ld hl,sp+* take a signed 8-bit offset (−128…127).
5. Conditional cycle counts use taken/not-taken (e.g. 12/8, 16/12, 24/12, 20/8).
6. One major function per file under libsrc.

Prefer the full tables in references/opcodes.md. Use this skill body for rules, flags, mnemonic mapping, and GB-only ops.

Sources

Topic	Source
Native ISA, flags ZNHC, timings	pastraiser Game Boy opcodes
Zilog source forms and encodings	src/z80asm/dev/cpu/cpu_test_gbz80_ok.asm / _strict_ok.asm
Usage	libsrc/l/sccz80/8-gbz80/

Pastraiser is the native-ISA authority. z80asm encodings match the Pastraiser opcode bytes 100% (all 245 used cells and the 11 unused cells). z80asm is the authority for source spelling and for synthetics.

One Pastraiser length cell disagrees with the assembler and with the hardware fetch: ld (c),a / ld a,(c) (E2/F2). Pastraiser prints 2 bytes. z80asm emits 1 byte. Use 1 byte.

Registers

15 ...... 8  7 ...... 0
     A            F      → AF
     B            C      → BC
     D            E      → DE
     H            L      → HL
15 ............... 0
        SP
        PC

No IX, IY, AF′, BC′, DE′, HL′, I, or R. Memory via HL is (hl). Stack grows down. push stores high byte first at sp-1, low at sp-2.

HRAM / I/O window is $FF00–$FFFF. There is no in / out. Use ldh.

Flag register (F)

Bit	7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0
	Z	N	H	C	0	0	0	0

Flag	Meaning
Z	Zero
N	Subtract (BCD)
H	Half-carry
C	Carry
0	Unused. Always zero

Flag columns in tables are always Z N H C:

• letter → that flag is affected as defined by the instruction
• - → unchanged
• 0 / 1 → forced clear / set

This is not the Z80 layout (Z80 is S Z H P/V N C). Game Boy has no S and no P/V. Do not test sign or parity flags. Bits 3–0 of F are hardwired 0, so pop af never restores a full 16-bit value.

Condition codes (only these four):

Zilog cc	Meaning
nz / z	Z clear / set
nc / c	C clear / set

No po/pe/p/m. z80asm also accepts signed/unsigned sugar (eq, ne, ltu, geu, …) as synthetics of z/nz/c/nc. Write z/nz/c/nc.

Nintendo / Intel → Zilog

Use Zilog in all generated or edited z88dk code. Nintendo names appear on Pastraiser and in GBDK-style sources.

Nintendo / Intel (Pastraiser)	Zilog (write this)
NOP	nop
LD r,r' / LD r,d8	ld r,r' / ld r,*
LD BC,d16	ld bc,** (also de/hl/sp)
LD (BC),A / LD A,(BC)	ld (bc),a / ld a,(bc) (also de)
LD (HL+),A / LDI (HL),A / LD (HLI),A	ld (hl+),a
LD A,(HL+) / LDI A,(HL) / LD A,(HLI)	ld a,(hl+)
LD (HL-),A / LDD (HL),A / LD (HLD),A	ld (hl-),a
LD A,(HL-) / LDD A,(HL) / LD A,(HLD)	ld a,(hl-)
LD (a16),SP	ld (**),sp
LD (a16),A / LD A,(a16)	ld (**),a / ld a,(**)
LDH (a8),A / LD ($FF00+a8),A	ldh (*),a
LDH A,(a8) / LD A,($FF00+a8)	ldh a,(*)
LD (C),A / LD ($FF00+C),A	ld (c),a or ldh (c),a
LD A,(C) / LD A,($FF00+C)	ld a,(c) or ldh a,(c)
LD HL,SP+r8 / LDHL SP,r8	ld hl,sp+*
LD SP,HL	ld sp,hl
ADD HL,rp	add hl,bc / de / hl / sp
ADD SP,r8	add sp,*
INC/DEC	inc/dec
ADD A,r / ADC A,r	add a,r / adc a,r
SUB r / SBC A,r	sub r or sub a,r / sbc a,r
AND/XOR/OR/CP	and/xor/or/cp
RLCA/RRCA/RLA/RRA	rlca/rrca/rla/rra
JR r8 / JR cc,r8	jr * / jr cc,*
JP a16 / JP cc,a16	jp ** / jp cc,**
JP (HL)	jp (hl)
CALL/RET/RETI	call/ret/reti
RST 00H…38H	rst 00h … rst 38h
PUSH/POP BC|DE|HL|AF	push/pop bc|de|hl|af
STOP 0	stop
HALT/DI/EI/DAA/CPL/SCF/CCF	halt/di/ei/daa/cpl/scf/ccf
SWAP r	swap r
RLC/RRC/RL/RR/SLA/SRA/SRL	same, lowercase
BIT/RES/SET n,r	bit/res/set n,r

z80asm accepts the Nintendo aliases in the table (ld (hli),a, ldi a,(hl), ldhl sp,*, ld a,(0xff00+c), …). They encode the same bytes. Write the Zilog column. ldh a,(*) is the house spelling for the $FF00+a8 ops. z80asm does not encode ld a,($ff00+n) as ldh. That source form is an absolute ld a,(**) (FA, 3 bytes). Always write ldh a,(n).

GB-only native ops (not Z80)

These encodings are not the Z80 instruction at that byte.

Op	Zilog	Bytes	Cyc	Flags	Effect
08	ld (**),sp	3	20	----	(**)←SP
10 00	stop	2	4	----	stop oscillator. Always emit two bytes
22	ld (hl+),a	1	8	----	(HL)←A, HL←HL+1
2A	ld a,(hl+)	1	8	----	A←(HL), HL←HL+1
32	ld (hl-),a	1	8	----	(HL)←A, HL←HL−1
3A	ld a,(hl-)	1	8	----	A←(HL), HL←HL−1
D9	reti	1	16	----	ret + enable interrupts (not Z80 exx)
E0	ldh (*),a	2	12	----	($FF00+*)←A
E2	ld (c),a	1	8	----	($FF00+C)←A
E8	add sp,*	2	16	00HC	SP←SP+signed *. Z←0
F0	ldh a,(*)	2	12	----	A←($FF00+*)
F2	ld a,(c)	1	8	----	A←($FF00+C)
F8	ld hl,sp+*	2	12	00HC	HL←SP+signed *. Z←0
CB 3x	swap r	2	8/16	Z000	nibble swap

(hl+) / (hl-) as a single native opcode exist only for A. ld b,(hl+) and add a,(hl+) are synthetics (ld b,(hl) / inc hl, …).

Absent vs Z80 / 8080 (do not emit as native)

Missing	What to use instead
ex de,hl	pair copy ld de,hl / ld hl,de, or the 4-byte synthetic ex de,hl (56c)
ex (sp),hl	helper call __z80asm__ex_sp_hl (148c). Avoid in hot paths
exx, IX, IY, ex af,af'	second long on the stack
djnz	synthetic dec b / jr nz (accepted in normal mode)
in / out / block I/O	ldh / ld (c),a
ld hl,(**) / ld (**),hl	two ld a,(**) or a pointer in HL
ld sp,(**)	ld hl,(**) synthetic + ld sp,hl, or ld (**),sp is store-only
sbc hl,de / adc hl,bc	helper call __z80asm__* (slow) or open-code through A
ldir / ldi as Z80 block	helper, or ld a,(hl+) / ld (de+),a
po/pe/p/m	only z/nz/c/nc
im, retn, neg as one opcode	neg is synthetic cpl / inc a

Unused native opcodes (illegal): D3 DB DD E3 E4 EB EC ED F4 FC FD. Same 11 holes in Pastraiser and in cpu_test_gbz80_strict_ok.asm.

Flag rules agents must not get wrong

Group	Flags	Notes
8-bit inc	Z0H-	N←0. C unchanged
8-bit dec	Z1H-	N←1. C unchanged
inc/dec 16-bit	----	no flags (unlike 8085 K)
add a / adc a	Z0HC	N←0
sub / sbc / cp	Z1HC	N←1
and	Z010	H forced 1, C←0
xor / or	Z000	H←0, C←0
add hl,rp	-0HC	Z unchanged
add sp,* / ld hl,sp+*	00HC	Z forced 0. Save C before these if you still need it
rlca / rla / rrca / rra	000C	Z forced 0 (not Z80). Never rla; jr z
CB rlc/rl/rrc/rr/sla/srl	Z00C	Z is live (unlike the A rotates)
CB sra	Pastraiser Z000	see below
CB swap	Z000	C←0
CB bit	Z01-	H←1, C unchanged
daa	Z-0C
cpl	-11-	N←1, H←1
scf	-001	C←1
ccf	-00C	C toggled
pop af	ZNHC	restores Z N H C. Low nibble stays 0

sra and C: Pastraiser prints Z 0 0 0. libsrc/l/sccz80/8-gbz80/l_asr.asm does sra h / rr l and needs C = old bit 0 of H. Write shifts that way.

rlca/rla/rrca/rra do not set Z. Test with or a / and a first.

Timing notes

Pastraiser machine cycles (not Z80 T-states):

• Conditional jr: 12 taken / 8 not taken
• Conditional jp: 16 / 12
• Conditional call: 24 / 12
• Conditional ret: 20 / 8
• call ** 24, ret 16, reti 16, rst 16
• push 16, pop 12
• 8-bit ALU register 4, (hl) 8, immediate 8
• ld hl,sp+* 12, add sp,* 16
• CB op 8, CB (hl) 16 (includes the prefix)

Coding rules for this project

1. Emit Zilog only (ld a,b not MOV A,B; ld a,(hl+) not LDI A,(HL)).
2. Register pairs: bc, de, hl, af, sp.
3. Use (hl), (bc), (de), (**), (hl+), (hl-), (c) for memory.
4. Prefer GB-only natives when they win: ld hl,sp+*, add sp,*, ld a,(hl+) / ld (hl+),a, ldh, swap.
5. Never assume Z80 prefix encodings (DD/ED/FD are unused or different).
6. When optimizing, consult references/opcodes.md.
7. Assembler last resort: fixtures src/z80asm/dev/cpu/cpu_test_gbz80_{ok,err}.asm (and *_strict_*). ok = z80asm accepts that source form (native, synthetic, or call __z80asm__*). err = rejected. _strict_ = synthetics forbidden. Full decode: tool-z80asm. rg only. Do not bulk-read *_err.asm.

Usage (from libsrc/l/sccz80/8-gbz80/)

Patterns below are the house style for new gbz80 library asm. Cite the named file as the example, not as a required callee.

1. Stack is the second long — ld hl,sp+*

There is no exx. The 32-bit primary often sits on the stack.

    ld  hl,sp+2        ; 12c, 2B; flags 00HC (Z←0)
    ld  a,(hl+)        ; native post-inc
    add a,c

See i32/l_long_add.asm, l_long_sub.asm, l_long_and.asm, i32/l_long_div_0.asm.

* is signed. Offset 0…127 covers a small frame. Larger offsets need ld hl,nn / add hl,sp (20c, 4B, Z unchanged).

C across ld hl,sp+*: that op clobbers C (and forces Z=0). Save C first:

    rra                ; C → A
    ld  hl,sp+n
    rla                ; C restored

l_long_div_0.asm does this around every stack reload in the shift loop.

2. Drop stack arguments — add sp,*

    pop bc             ; return address
    add sp,4           ; drop a long (signed immediate)
    push bc
    ret

Same files as §1. add sp,* is 16c and also forces Z=0.

3. Stream bytes — native (hl+) / (hl-) for A

    ld  a,(hl+)        ; 8c, 1B  vs ld a,(hl)/inc hl = 16c, 2B
    ld  (hl+),a
    ld  a,(hl-)

l_getptr.asm, l_case.asm, l_glong.asm (ld a,(hl-)), l_long_neg_mhl.asm.

ALU with post-inc is a synthetic (sub (hl) / inc hl). Legal in normal mode and used conceptually in l_long_div_0.asm (ld a,(de+) / sub a,(hl+)).

There is no rl (hl+). l_long_rl_mhl.asm and l_long_div_0.asm do rl (hl) / inc hl.

4. Park a pair — ld bc,hl synthetics

    ld  bc,hl          ; B←H, C←L
    ; … use HL …
    ld  hl,bc

l_long_add.asm parks the low word this way. Prefer this over ex de,hl.

5. 16-bit shifts through CB ops

gbz80 has sla/sra/rl/rr on every 8-bit register and on (hl).

    sra h              ; signed 16-bit >>  (l_asr.asm)
    rr  l              ; C must be old H bit 0

    sla c              ; scan bitlen (l_long_div_0.asm)
    rl  b

Word synthetics sra hl → sra h / rr l, rl de → rl e / rl d exist in normal mode. Prefer them over open-coded pairs when both bytes move.

6. Counted loops — djnz synthetic or dec b / jr nz

djnz is not native (byte 10 is stop). z80asm expands djnz label to dec b / jr nz,label. l_mult.asm uses it. Fine in normal mode. Strict mode rejects it.

16-bit counts: dec bc does not set Z. Test with ld a,b / or c.

7. HRAM / MMIO — ldh

    ldh a,(n)          ; A ← ($FF00+n)
    ldh (n),a
    ld  a,(c)          ; A ← ($FF00+C)
    ld  (c),a

Do not fake in a,(c) / out (c),a.

8. In-place memory ALU

    ld  a,0            ; not xor a if C must live
    sub a,(hl)
    ld  (hl+),a        ; l_long_neg_mhl.asm

9. ex de,hl and ex (sp),hl are last resort

Form	Encoding	Cost	Use
ld de,hl	ld d,h / ld e,l	2B / 8c	prefer
ex de,hl	push hl / push de / pop hl / pop de	4B / 56c	only if you need a true swap
ex (sp),hl	call __z80asm__ex_sp_hl	148c	almost never

l_debug_push_frame.asm parks HL in DE with two 8-bit loads because there is no cheap ex. l_div.asm remaps sccz80 DE/HL onto the SDCC BC/DE core with ld bc,de / ld de,hl (HL is dead after the copy). Do not write ex de,hl for a one-way move.

l_small_atoul (libsrc/l/util/8-gbz80/) does *10 as *8 + *2 with the *2 LSW in BC. Do not use ex (sp),hl there.

Synthetic opcodes (z80asm, normal mode)

Assembler sugar. Strict / -no-synth forbids free synthetics. Listings (-l) show the expansion. Full set: src/z80asm/dev/cpu/cpu_test_gbz80_ok.asm. Prefer the forms below.

Word copies — full set

Allowed	Forbidden in this set
ld among bc / de / hl (any → any)	af, sp

    ld  bc,de          ; 42 4B
    ld  bc,hl          ; 44 4D
    ld  de,bc          ; 50 59
    ld  de,hl          ; 54 5D
    ld  hl,bc          ; 60 69
    ld  hl,de          ; 62 6B

Useful inline synthetics (not helpers)

Zilog	Expansion idea	Notes
ld a,(de+) / ld (de+),a	ld a,(de) / inc de	same for bc, and - / ldi/ldd spellings
ld r,(hl+) (r≠A)	ld r,(hl) / inc hl	A form is native 2A
add a,(hl+) and other ALU+(hl±)	ALU (hl) + inc/dec hl
ld (hl),bc / ld bc,(hl)	two byte moves + inc/dec
djnz *	dec b / jr nz
sra hl / rl de / rr bc	two CB ops
neg	cpl / inc a
clr r / clr rp	ld r,0 / ld rp,0	do not use xor a if C must live
jp (bc) / jp (de)	push rp / ret

Do not prefer these long expansions when a native exists:

Avoid	Why
ld de,hl+* / ld de,sp+*	many bytes via ex synthetic. Use ld hl,sp+*
ld (**),hl / ld hl,(**)	two absolute ld a,(**) plus park A
ld (de),hl	ex + (hl) traffic. Open-code through A

Helper calls (CD @__z80asm__…)

These assemble in normal mode but link a routine from src/z80asm/dev/z80asm_lib/. They are not one-chip ops. Do not use them as the core of a hot hand-written routine (same rule as other CPUs).

Source form	Helper	GB cost (from the helper source)
ex (sp),hl	__z80asm__ex_sp_hl	148c
sub hl,bc (and de/hl/sp)	__z80asm__sub_hl_*	80c
sbc hl,rp / adc hl,rp	__z80asm__sbc_hl_* / adc_hl_*	helper
add hl,a / add de,a / add bc,a	__z80asm__add_*_a	helper
ldi / ldir / ldd / lddr	__z80asm__ldi*	uses (hl+)/(de+) inside
cpi / cpir / cpd / cpdr	__z80asm__cpi*	helper
rld / rrd	__z80asm__rld / rrd	helper
call (hl)	__z80asm__call_hl	helper

__z80asm__ldi itself is a good template: ld a,(hl+) / ld (de+),a / dec bc. Open-code that sequence when you do not need Z80 P/V (Game Boy has no P/V).

Pitfalls

1. ld hl,sp+* and add sp,* clear Z and rewrite H,C. Save C with rra/rla if a rotate chain is live (l_long_div_0.asm).
2. rlca/rla/rrca/rra force Z=0. They are not test-and-rotate.
3. No ex de,hl as a 1-byte op. The mnemonic is a 56c stack swap.
4. No djnz opcode. 10 is stop (10 00). The mnemonic is sugar.
5. stop is two bytes (10 00). Do not emit a lone 10.
6. reti is D9, not ED 4D. D9 is not exx.
7. pop af is not a 16-bit temp. F bits 3–0 stay 0.
8. ld a,($ff00+n) is not ldh. It is ld a,(**) (FA). Write ldh a,(n).
9. dec bc does not set Z. Do not write dec bc; jr nz as a 16-bit loop test.
10. Only A has native (hl+)/(hl-). Other registers are two ops.
11. No copt pass on library asm. Hand-written libsrc/** is assembled as-is. Remove dead moves yourself. Match the target file’s whitespace. Checklist: tool-copt, methodology-measure.

Preference order (gbz80-only code)

1. ld hl,sp+* for stack pointers (signed −128…127). add hl,sp only when the offset does not fit or you must keep Z.
2. add sp,* to drop arguments.
3. ld a,(hl+) / ld (hl+),a / ld a,(hl-) for streams.
4. ld bc,hl / ld hl,bc (and the other pair copies) to park a word.
5. ldh / ld (c),a for $FF00+n.
6. CB sla/sra/rl/rr/swap on registers and (hl).
7. djnz sugar or dec b/jr nz for 8-bit counts.
8. Fall back to helper call __z80asm__* only when the expansion is large and the path is not hot.

Assembler capability (last resort)

Fixtures under src/z80asm/dev/cpu/ answer: does z80asm accept this source line for -mgbz80, and what encoding does it emit?

File	Meaning
cpu_test_gbz80_ok.asm	Assembles successfully. Comment after ; is the encoding
cpu_test_gbz80_err.asm	Must fail (; Error)
*_strict_*	Strict mode: synthetics forbidden

ok is not always one native chip opcode (normal mode may allow synthetics or CD @__z80asm__… helpers).

How to read lines and rg without loading huge files: skill tool-z80asm.

Related

• Full opcode grid: references/opcodes.md
• Assembler: tool-z80asm
• Measure: methodology-measure, tool-ticks
• Float: library-math32 — --math32 on -clib=gbz80 / -mgbz80 links math32_gbz80.lib (stack-only cores under asm/gbz80/; higher C via make -C …/c gbz80)
• Target: lib/config/gb.cfg, libsrc/target/gb/
• sccz80 runtime examples: libsrc/l/sccz80/8-gbz80/