File Upload & Media Expert (2026 Edition)

English | Bahasa Indonesia

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English

Orchestration & Integration

Connects and orchestrates with relevant domain skills like brainstorming, zero-to-prod-orchestrator, and project-context-mapper to ensure cohesive execution.

Description

Production-grade guide for building secure, performant file upload systems and media processing pipelines. Covers presigned URL upload patterns (S3, R2, Supabase Storage), multipart uploads with progress tracking, image optimization (Sharp, Cloudflare Images, Vercel OG), video transcoding (Mux, Cloudflare Stream), PDF generation, file validation & virus scanning, CDN configuration, and drag-and-drop UI components.

Trigger Conditions

Activate this skill when:

• Implementing file upload functionality (images, documents, videos).
• Setting up cloud storage (AWS S3, Cloudflare R2, Supabase Storage, UploadThing).
• Building image processing pipelines (resize, crop, watermark, format conversion).
• Implementing drag-and-drop file upload UI components.
• Configuring CDN for static assets and media delivery.
• Generating PDFs or processing documents server-side.
• Building avatar/profile picture upload functionality.

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Storage Provider Selection Guide

Provider	Best For	Key Strength	Egress Cost
Cloudflare R2	Cost-sensitive, global	Zero egress fees, S3-compatible	$0
AWS S3	Enterprise, AWS ecosystem	Most mature, rich feature set	$0.09/GB
Supabase Storage	Supabase-powered apps	RLS integration, built-in transforms	Included in plan
UploadThing	Quick prototyping	React components, zero config	Included in plan
Vercel Blob	Vercel-hosted apps	Seamless Vercel integration	Included in plan

Recommendation: Use Cloudflare R2 for most production apps (zero egress, S3-compatible). Use Supabase Storage if already on Supabase. Use UploadThing for rapid prototyping.

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1. Presigned URL Upload Pattern (Server → Client → Storage)

┌──────────┐     1. Request URL      ┌──────────┐
│  Client   │ ──────────────────────► │  Server  │
│ (Browser) │                         │ (API)    │
│           │ ◄────────────────────── │          │
│           │   2. Presigned URL      │          │
│           │                         └──────────┘
│           │     3. Upload file
│           │ ──────────────────────► ┌──────────┐
│           │                         │  Storage │
│           │ ◄────────────────────── │ (S3/R2)  │
└──────────┘   4. Success response    └──────────┘

Server: Generate Presigned URL

// app/api/upload/route.ts
import { S3Client, PutObjectCommand } from '@aws-sdk/client-s3';
import { getSignedUrl } from '@aws-sdk/s3-request-presigner';
import { nanoid } from 'nanoid';

const s3 = new S3Client({
  region: 'auto',
  endpoint: process.env.R2_ENDPOINT,           // Cloudflare R2
  credentials: {
    accessKeyId: process.env.R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID!,
    secretAccessKey: process.env.R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY!,
  },
});

// Allowed file types and max sizes
const ALLOWED_TYPES: Record<string, { maxSize: number; extensions: string[] }> = {
  image: { maxSize: 10 * 1024 * 1024, extensions: ['jpg', 'jpeg', 'png', 'webp', 'avif'] },
  document: { maxSize: 25 * 1024 * 1024, extensions: ['pdf', 'docx', 'xlsx'] },
  video: { maxSize: 500 * 1024 * 1024, extensions: ['mp4', 'webm', 'mov'] },
};

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const { filename, contentType, fileSize, category = 'image' } = await request.json();

  // Validate file type
  const config = ALLOWED_TYPES[category];
  if (!config) return Response.json({ error: 'Invalid category' }, { status: 400 });

  const ext = filename.split('.').pop()?.toLowerCase();
  if (!ext || !config.extensions.includes(ext)) {
    return Response.json({ error: `Invalid file type. Allowed: ${config.extensions.join(', ')}` }, { status: 400 });
  }

  // Validate file size
  if (fileSize > config.maxSize) {
    return Response.json({ error: `File too large. Max: ${config.maxSize / 1024 / 1024}MB` }, { status: 400 });
  }

  // Generate unique key
  const key = `uploads/${category}/${nanoid()}.${ext}`;

  const command = new PutObjectCommand({
    Bucket: process.env.R2_BUCKET_NAME,
    Key: key,
    ContentType: contentType,
    ContentLength: fileSize,
  });

  const presignedUrl = await getSignedUrl(s3, command, { expiresIn: 600 }); // 10 min

  return Response.json({
    presignedUrl,
    key,
    publicUrl: `${process.env.CDN_URL}/${key}`,
  });
}

Client: Upload with Progress

// hooks/use-file-upload.ts
'use client';

import { useState, useCallback } from 'react';

interface UploadState {
  progress: number;
  isUploading: boolean;
  error: string | null;
  publicUrl: string | null;
}

export function useFileUpload() {
  const [state, setState] = useState<UploadState>({
    progress: 0, isUploading: false, error: null, publicUrl: null,
  });

  const upload = useCallback(async (file: File, category = 'image') => {
    setState({ progress: 0, isUploading: true, error: null, publicUrl: null });

    try {
      // Step 1: Get presigned URL
      const res = await fetch('/api/upload', {
        method: 'POST',
        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
        body: JSON.stringify({
          filename: file.name,
          contentType: file.type,
          fileSize: file.size,
          category,
        }),
      });

      if (!res.ok) {
        const { error } = await res.json();
        throw new Error(error || 'Failed to get upload URL');
      }

      const { presignedUrl, publicUrl } = await res.json();

      // Step 2: Upload to storage with progress
      await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
        const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
        xhr.open('PUT', presignedUrl);
        xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', file.type);

        xhr.upload.onprogress = (e) => {
          if (e.lengthComputable) {
            setState(prev => ({ ...prev, progress: Math.round((e.loaded / e.total) * 100) }));
          }
        };

        xhr.onload = () => (xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300) ? resolve() : reject(new Error(`Upload failed: ${xhr.status}`));
        xhr.onerror = () => reject(new Error('Network error during upload'));
        xhr.send(file);
      });

      setState({ progress: 100, isUploading: false, error: null, publicUrl });
      return publicUrl;
    } catch (error) {
      const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Upload failed';
      setState(prev => ({ ...prev, isUploading: false, error: message }));
      throw error;
    }
  }, []);

  return { ...state, upload };
}

---

2. Drag-and-Drop Upload Component

// components/file-dropzone.tsx
'use client';

import { useCallback, useState, useRef, type DragEvent, type ChangeEvent } from 'react';
import { useFileUpload } from '@/hooks/use-file-upload';

interface FileDropzoneProps {
  accept?: string;
  maxSize?: number; // bytes
  onUploadComplete?: (url: string) => void;
}

export function FileDropzone({ accept = 'image/*', maxSize = 10 * 1024 * 1024, onUploadComplete }: FileDropzoneProps) {
  const [isDragOver, setIsDragOver] = useState(false);
  const inputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null);
  const { progress, isUploading, error, upload } = useFileUpload();

  const handleFile = useCallback(async (file: File) => {
    if (file.size > maxSize) {
      alert(`File too large. Max size: ${maxSize / 1024 / 1024}MB`);
      return;
    }
    const url = await upload(file);
    if (url) onUploadComplete?.(url);
  }, [maxSize, upload, onUploadComplete]);

  const onDrop = useCallback((e: DragEvent) => {
    e.preventDefault();
    setIsDragOver(false);
    const file = e.dataTransfer.files[0];
    if (file) handleFile(file);
  }, [handleFile]);

  const onChange = useCallback((e: ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
    const file = e.target.files?.[0];
    if (file) handleFile(file);
  }, [handleFile]);

  return (
    <div
      className={`dropzone ${isDragOver ? 'dropzone--active' : ''}`}
      onDragOver={(e) => { e.preventDefault(); setIsDragOver(true); }}
      onDragLeave={() => setIsDragOver(false)}
      onDrop={onDrop}
      onClick={() => inputRef.current?.click()}
      role="button"
      tabIndex={0}
      aria-label="Upload file"
    >
      <input ref={inputRef} type="file" accept={accept} onChange={onChange} hidden />

      {isUploading ? (
        <div className="upload-progress">
          <div className="progress-bar" style={{ width: `${progress}%` }} />
          <span>{progress}%</span>
        </div>
      ) : (
        <p>Drag & drop a file here, or click to browse</p>
      )}

      {error && <p className="error-text">{error}</p>}
    </div>
  );
}

---

3. Image Optimization with Sharp

// lib/image-processing.ts
import sharp from 'sharp';

interface ProcessOptions {
  width?: number;
  height?: number;
  quality?: number;
  format?: 'webp' | 'avif' | 'jpeg' | 'png';
  /** Generate multiple sizes for responsive images */
  responsive?: boolean;
}

export async function processImage(buffer: Buffer, options: ProcessOptions = {}) {
  const { width = 1200, height, quality = 80, format = 'webp' } = options;

  const pipeline = sharp(buffer)
    .resize(width, height, { fit: 'inside', withoutEnlargement: true });

  switch (format) {
    case 'webp': return pipeline.webp({ quality }).toBuffer();
    case 'avif': return pipeline.avif({ quality }).toBuffer();
    case 'jpeg': return pipeline.jpeg({ quality, mozjpeg: true }).toBuffer();
    case 'png':  return pipeline.png({ compressionLevel: 9 }).toBuffer();
  }
}

/** Generate responsive image set */
export async function generateResponsiveSet(buffer: Buffer) {
  const sizes = [320, 640, 960, 1280, 1920];
  return Promise.all(
    sizes.map(async (w) => ({
      width: w,
      buffer: await processImage(buffer, { width: w, format: 'webp', quality: 80 }),
      key: `w${w}.webp`,
    })),
  );
}

---

4. Avatar Upload with Crop

// lib/avatar.ts
import sharp from 'sharp';

export async function processAvatar(buffer: Buffer): Promise<Buffer> {
  return sharp(buffer)
    .resize(256, 256, {
      fit: 'cover',          // Crop to fill
      position: 'attention', // Smart crop (focus on faces/subjects)
    })
    .webp({ quality: 85 })
    .toBuffer();
}

---

5. File Validation & Security

// lib/file-validator.ts
import { fileTypeFromBuffer } from 'file-type';

const MAGIC_BYTES_WHITELIST = new Set([
  'image/jpeg', 'image/png', 'image/webp', 'image/avif', 'image/gif',
  'application/pdf',
  'video/mp4', 'video/webm',
]);

export async function validateFile(buffer: Buffer, declaredMimeType: string): Promise<{ valid: boolean; detectedType?: string; error?: string }> {
  // Check magic bytes (not just extension/MIME header)
  const fileType = await fileTypeFromBuffer(buffer);

  if (!fileType) {
    return { valid: false, error: 'Unable to determine file type from content' };
  }

  if (!MAGIC_BYTES_WHITELIST.has(fileType.mime)) {
    return { valid: false, detectedType: fileType.mime, error: `File type ${fileType.mime} is not allowed` };
  }

  // Verify declared type matches actual type
  if (fileType.mime !== declaredMimeType) {
    return { valid: false, detectedType: fileType.mime, error: `Declared type ${declaredMimeType} doesn't match actual type ${fileType.mime}` };
  }

  return { valid: true, detectedType: fileType.mime };
}

---

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

Anti-Pattern	Problem	Correct Approach
Uploading through your API server	Memory pressure, timeout risk, bandwidth cost	Use presigned URLs for direct-to-storage uploads
Trusting file extension alone	Malicious files disguised as images	Validate magic bytes with file-type library
No file size limit	Storage abuse, OOM errors	Enforce limits both client-side and server-side
Storing originals only	Slow load times, excessive bandwidth	Generate optimized responsive variants
Public S3 bucket	Data breach risk	Use presigned URLs or CDN with signed URLs
Processing images synchronously in API	Blocks request, timeout	Process async (queue) or use on-the-fly transforms (Cloudflare Images)

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Integration with Other Skills

• cloud-hosting-expert — CDN setup, Cloudflare R2/S3 configuration
• senior-frontend — Upload UI components, image optimization in Next.js
• performance-web-vitals — Image loading strategy (lazy loading, srcset, blur placeholder)
• database-orm-expert — Storing file metadata and references
• production-ready-hardener — File upload security audit
• error-resilience-expert — Upload retry logic and failure recovery

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Bahasa Indonesia

Integrasi Orkestrasi

Terhubung dan mengorkestrasi skill domain yang relevan seperti brainstorming, zero-to-prod-orchestrator, dan project-context-mapper untuk memastikan eksekusi yang kohesif.

Deskripsi

Panduan tingkat produksi untuk membangun sistem upload file yang aman dan performa tinggi serta pipeline pemrosesan media. Mencakup pola upload presigned URL (S3, R2, Supabase Storage), upload multipart dengan pelacakan progres, optimasi gambar (Sharp, Cloudflare Images, Vercel OG), transcoding video (Mux, Cloudflare Stream), pembuatan PDF, validasi file & pemindaian virus, konfigurasi CDN, dan komponen UI drag-and-drop.

Kondisi Pemicu

Aktifkan skill ini ketika:

• Mengimplementasikan fungsionalitas upload file (gambar, dokumen, video).
• Menyiapkan penyimpanan cloud (AWS S3, Cloudflare R2, Supabase Storage, UploadThing).
• Membangun pipeline pemrosesan gambar (resize, crop, watermark, konversi format).
• Mengimplementasikan komponen UI upload file drag-and-drop.
• Mengonfigurasi CDN untuk aset statis dan pengiriman media.
• Menghasilkan PDF atau memproses dokumen di sisi server.

Panduan Pemilihan Storage

Provider	Terbaik Untuk	Kekuatan Utama	Biaya Egress
Cloudflare R2	Hemat biaya, global	Tanpa biaya egress, kompatibel S3	$0
AWS S3	Enterprise, ekosistem AWS	Paling matang, fitur lengkap	$0.09/GB
Supabase Storage	Aplikasi Supabase	Integrasi RLS, transform bawaan	Termasuk paket
UploadThing	Prototipe cepat	Komponen React, tanpa konfigurasi	Termasuk paket

Rekomendasi: Gunakan Cloudflare R2 untuk kebanyakan app produksi (tanpa egress, S3-kompatibel). Gunakan Supabase Storage jika sudah menggunakan Supabase.

Kesalahan Umum yang Harus Dihindari

Anti-Pola	Masalah	Pendekatan yang Benar
Upload melalui server API	Tekanan memori, risiko timeout	Gunakan presigned URL untuk upload langsung ke storage
Mempercayai ekstensi file saja	File berbahaya menyamar sebagai gambar	Validasi magic bytes dengan library file-type
Tidak ada batas ukuran file	Penyalahgunaan storage, error OOM	Terapkan batas di sisi klien dan server
Menyimpan file asli saja	Waktu muat lambat, bandwidth berlebih	Buat varian responsif yang teroptimasi
Bucket S3 publik	Risiko kebocoran data	Gunakan presigned URL atau CDN dengan signed URL

Integrasi dengan Skill Lain

• cloud-hosting-expert — Setup CDN, konfigurasi Cloudflare R2/S3
• senior-frontend — Komponen UI upload, optimasi gambar di Next.js
• performance-web-vitals — Strategi loading gambar (lazy loading, srcset, blur placeholder)
• database-orm-expert — Menyimpan metadata file dan referensi
• production-ready-hardener — Audit keamanan upload file
• error-resilience-expert — Logika retry upload dan pemulihan kegagalan