Cortex Gateway

A federated MCP gateway: one spec-compliant, OAuth-protected MCP server in front of N plain-HTTP backends.

Your business apps stay ordinary web services. Each one exposes a single POST /api/cortex/backend endpoint (a ~120-line contract, no MCP library, no stdio). The gateway discovers their tools, merges them into one MCP catalog, enforces OAuth 2.1 + scopes, routes tools/call to the owning backend, and keeps a pseudonymized audit trail.

Built for one requirement: everyone in a company should be able to hand their own agent the keys — with exactly that person's rights, nothing more, nothing less. And when agents become autonomous assistants, the answer stays the same: the agent borrows the person's identity, the apps keep enforcing that person's rights. The gateway decides nothing, so there is nothing new to trust.

Put another way: zero-trust principles for AI agents — the missing link between your IAM (who your users are, what they may do) and the MCP ecosystem (how agents call tools). Not a full ZTNA product; the identity-and-access layer for agents.

A backend is a dedicated MCP reduced to its essence: a tool catalog plus tool invocation (and optional prompts/resources) over bare HTTP JSON-RPC — the transport and lifecycle machinery (initialize, sessions, SSE, version negotiation) lives once, in the gateway. Because the contract is a semantic subset of MCP, a native MCP server can also be federated through the built-in MCP→backend proxy adapter (docs/mcp-adapter.md).

[MCP agent: Claude Desktop / claude.ai Custom Connector / any MCP client]
         │  HTTPS + OAuth 2.1 JWT (Bearer)
         ▼
[cortex-gateway]  ←— thin gateway, no business logic
         │  HTTPS + the same JWT propagated (RFC 8707)
         ▼
[your backends]   ←— domain owners, plain HTTP, own their ACLs

Why

• Permissions match the underlying app, automatically, at the user level. The gateway never copies or mirrors permissions — it propagates the real user identity (your JWT to first-party backends, the user's own linked token to proxied third-party MCP servers), so each app's native permission model applies per user, with nothing to sync and no service-account flattening. Unlike hosted tool aggregators, the token vault and the audit trail stay on your infrastructure.
• One perimeter, not N connectors. Wiring each app as its own MCP connector also keeps native permissions — and leaves you with N consents, N token stores, no shared audit, no cross-app entitlements, and a flooded tool list. The gateway collapses that to one OAuth surface without giving up the per-user model: aggregation without permission loss.
• Zero MCP lock-in in your apps. Backends speak a minimal JSON-RPC contract over plain HTTP. Remove the gateway and you can still call them directly (tests, batch jobs, other integrations).
• One JWT, N backends. The agent authenticates once; the gateway propagates the token; every backend re-validates it and applies its own permissions. Revocation at the authorization server cuts everything.
• Failure isolation. An unreachable backend just disappears from tools/list; the rest keeps working.
• Context-aware federation. Backend filtering and a compact "search" mode keep the tool catalog from flooding the agent's context (docs/tool-search-mode.md).
• Agent feedback loop. Agents can file report_missing_capability tickets when a tool is missing or insufficient — deduplicated, triaged, optionally pushed to a webhook when blocking.

Use cases

Company-wide agent surface. An organization runs N internal apps (CRM, quality docs, billing, analytics...). Each app adds the ~120-line backend endpoint; the gateway exposes them as ONE MCP connector protected by the company's SSO. Employees plug a single URL into Claude Desktop / claude.ai and get exactly the tools their token scopes allow, with a central audit trail. This is the setup the gateway was born in.

Product builder. You ship several products and want agents (yours or your customers') to operate them. Instead of maintaining one MCP server per product, every product implements the backend contract and the gateway is your single, versioned, OAuth-protected agent API. Adding a product to the agent surface is one env var.

Thematic hub / curated registry. Run a gateway as a topic endpoint — e.g. "all open-data tools for domain X" — that federates several providers behind one URL with one token. The scope model gives you per-provider opt-in, get_help/get_snapshot give agents self-describing discovery, and the audit trail tells you what is actually used. Providers either speak the (deliberately tiny) backend contract natively, or — for off-the-shelf MCP servers — get fronted by the built-in MCP→backend proxy adapter (docs/mcp-adapter.md).

Free / paid tool tiers. Scopes are entitlements. Let your authorization server grant mcp:yourapp:basic to free users and mcp:yourapp:pro to paying ones (your billing webhook updates the grant): the gateway then shows and allows each caller exactly the tools of their plan — no paywall logic in the gateway or the backends, tools just declare their scope. Revocation and downgrades propagate through the normal OAuth chain.

Federating native MCP servers (adapter, beta)

The built-in MCP→backend proxy adapter lets a bundle mix contract backends and off-the-shelf native MCP servers (Canva, Figma, ...): the adapter is an MCP client downstream (initialize, sessions, SSE framing) and a plain backend upstream, so the gateway core does not change. Per-user downstream OAuth is handled by a token vault (AES-256-GCM at rest) and a linking flow (RFC 9728 discovery, Dynamic Client Registration, PKCE): each user consents once per provider, then agents are identified on the whole bundle with a single Cortex token. See docs/mcp-adapter.md for a worked "design bundle" example (Canva + Figma + your own backend).

Roadmap

• Machine identity for discovery — replace the static technical token with a client_credentials flow once your AS supports it.
• Shared event bus / rate-limit store — for multi-instance deployments.

Features

• MCP spec 2025-06-18 (Streamable HTTP transport: POST JSON-RPC, GET SSE for listChanged notifications, DELETE session termination)
• Primitives: tools, resources (incl. URI templates), prompts
• OAuth 2.1 resource server: JWKS verification, audience per resource (RFC 8707), protected-resource metadata (RFC 9728), optional RFC 7662 introspection for revocation
• Scope-based visibility: agents only see (and can call) the tools their token scopes allow; scopes_supported in discovery is derived live from the federated catalog
• Dynamic discovery: backends are polled every 60s; new tools appear without redeploying the gateway, with SSE tools/list_changed push
• Builtins: whoami (aggregated identity across backends), find_tools, report_missing_capability, list_cortex_tickets, list_cortex_resources, read_cortex_resource, plus a self-describing cortex://architecture resource generated live
• Audit trail: one JSON line per call on stdout (hashed email, hashed params) + optional PostgreSQL persistence with retention cron
• Origin allow-list (anti DNS-rebinding), per-token rate limiting, optional pool sandbox

Quickstart (no OAuth server needed)

git clone https://github.com/wellknownmcp/cortex-gateway
cd cortex-gateway
npm install

# 1. Start the demo backend (dependency-free)
node examples/demo-backend/server.mjs &

# 2. Configure the gateway
cat > .env.local <<'EOF'
OAUTH_ISSUER=https://auth.example.com
CORTEX_BACKENDS=demo
CORTEX_BACKEND_DEMO_URL=http://127.0.0.1:4820
CORTEX_TECHNICAL_TOKEN=demo-technical-token
CORTEX_DEV_BYPASS_TOKEN=dev-secret
CORTEX_DEV_BYPASS_SCOPES=mcp:demo:read
EOF

# 3. Run it
npm run dev

# 4. Talk MCP (dev bypass replaces the Bearer JWT locally)
curl -s http://localhost:3213/mcp \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -H 'X-Dev-Mode: dev-secret' \
  -d '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"tools/list"}' | jq '.result.tools[].name'
# → whoami, ..., demo_get_help, demo_echo, demo_get_time

curl -s http://localhost:3213/mcp \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -H 'X-Dev-Mode: dev-secret' \
  -d '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":2,"method":"tools/call","params":{"name":"demo_echo","arguments":{"message":"hello"}}}' | jq

In production you point OAUTH_ISSUER at your OAuth 2.1 authorization server (any server that issues RS256 JWTs with a JWKS endpoint and supports the scope claim), and MCP clients connect to https://your-host/mcp with a Bearer token whose aud is the gateway's canonical URI.

stdio bridge (for stdio-only clients and directory sandboxes)

The gateway is a remote Streamable HTTP server, but some MCP clients — and the Docker inspection harnesses of directories like Glama — only speak the stdio transport. scripts/stdio-bridge.mjs bridges the two: it boots the production build against an ephemeral local OAuth issuer (the real JWT verification path, no bypass), mints itself a short-lived token, and relays newline-delimited JSON-RPC between stdin/stdout and POST /mcp.

npm run build
npm run start:stdio   # stdio MCP server on stdin/stdout

Self-granted scopes come from BRIDGE_SCOPES (gateway builtins need none); the gateway port from BRIDGE_GATEWAY_PORT (default 3213). Design notes and the gotchas (stdout purity, protocol-version negotiation, session echo): https://cortex-gateway.dev/guides/expose-http-mcp-server-over-stdio/.

Adding a backend

1. Implement the contract in your app — one POST endpoint, list_tools + your tools (docs/backend-contract.md, reference implementation in examples/demo-backend/).
2. Declare it:

   CORTEX_BACKENDS=demo,docs
   CORTEX_BACKEND_DOCS_URL=http://127.0.0.1:4001
   

3. Done. The gateway discovers docs_* tools within 60s and pushes tools/list_changed to connected clients.

Configuration

Everything is env-driven — see .env.example for the full annotated list. The essentials:

Variable	Required	Purpose
CORTEX_CANONICAL_URI	prod	Canonical MCP resource URI (RFC 9728), default JWT audience
OAUTH_ISSUER	yes	Your OAuth 2.1 authorization server
CORTEX_BACKENDS + CORTEX_BACKEND_<ID>_URL	yes	Federated backends
CORTEX_TECHNICAL_TOKEN	yes	Static token for catalog discovery (catalog methods only)
CORTEX_ALLOWED_ORIGINS	prod	Web origins allowed (exact or *.suffix)
CORTEX_TOOL_INTEGRITY_MODE	no	warn (default) or block — rug-pull detection on tool definitions
CORTEX_ADMIN_SECRET	with block	Secret for /api/admin/tool-integrity, the operator endpoint that reviews and clears quarantines
CORTEX_TOOL_BASELINE_FILE	with block	Where approved tool definitions persist; without it a restart re-approves the current state
CORTEX_BASELINE_PRIVATE_KEY / _PUBLIC_KEY	no	Ed25519 signing of that store. Public key alone = the gateway verifies approvals but cannot mint them
OAUTH_REQUIRED_SCOPES	no	Baseline scope demanded before any dispatch
CORTEX_DATABASE_URL	no	PostgreSQL for audit persistence + gateway tickets
CORTEX_TICKET_WEBHOOK_URL	no	Webhook for blocking missing-capability tickets
CORTEX_WEBSITE_URL	no	websiteUrl shown by MCP clients (default: the gateway origin). Server icons: replace public/icon-{light,dark}.png

Security model

Two paths, and the difference between them is the whole design: the catalog is discovered in the background with a technical token that can only list, and a call carries the user's own token all the way to the backend.

sequenceDiagram
    autonumber
    participant Agent as AI agent
    participant GW as Cortex Gateway
    participant AS as Authorization server
    participant App as Backend app

    rect rgba(128,128,128,0.10)
    note over GW,App: Catalog refresh — every 60s, no user involved
    GW->>App: tools/list (CORTEX_TECHNICAL_TOKEN)
    App-->>GW: full tool catalog
    note over GW: Fingerprint each definition<br/>(rug-pull detection)
    end

    note over GW,AS: JWKS fetched once and cached —<br/>tokens are verified locally, not per call

    Agent->>GW: tools/list (user JWT)
    note over GW: Verify signature, issuer, audience<br/>Filter the cached catalog by the token's scopes
    GW-->>Agent: only the tools this user may call

    Agent->>GW: tools/call demo_echo (user JWT)
    note over GW: Check the scope declared by that tool
    GW->>App: tools/call — the user's JWT, forwarded
    note over App: Applies its own roles and ACLs<br/>to that user
    App-->>GW: result, under the user's own rights
    GW-->>Agent: result
    note over GW: One audit line: who, which tool,<br/>which backend, which scope

The agent never holds a credential the user does not have, and no over-privileged service account exists anywhere on the path.

Agent access is secured by construction, not by gateway policy. The properties below are what to demand from any MCP tooling you wire into an AI app:

• OAuth 2.1, not shared API keys — every caller authenticates as themselves; tokens are per-user, scoped and revocable.
• No permission flattening — the real user's identity is propagated to each backend, so no over-privileged service account exists and the agent gets exactly the user's own rights.
• Least privilege — the tool catalog is scope-filtered per caller; agents only see the tools their token allows.
• Verifiable — the whole OAuth discovery chain is walkable without a token, so you (or a third-party scanner) can confirm the posture before connecting.

Under the hood:

• The gateway decides nothing about business permissions. OAuth scope is the front door (checked twice: gateway + backend); application roles and ACLs live in each backend.
• The static technical token can only reach catalog methods (src/contract/static-token.ts); every data method requires the end user's JWT.
• Audit is pseudonymized by design (hashed email, hashed params). Pseudonymized is not anonymous: hashed identifiers remain personal data under GDPR Art. 4(5), so the audit trail stays in your record of processing and needs a retention period.
• Sessions are bound to the token's sub; foreign session ids get 404.

Controls a federating gateway can enforce that a single server cannot. Because it sees every backend's tool definitions and every hop to them, the gateway is the place to catch what the ecosystem's incident reports keep finding — full details in docs/security.md:

• Rug-pull detection. Tool definitions are fingerprinted (description, inputSchema, scope, version) at first sight and re-checked at every refresh. A backend that rewrites what a tool claims to do while keeping its name is reported, and with CORTEX_TOOL_INTEGRITY_MODE=block the tool is quarantined until an operator reviews it over /api/admin/tool-integrity — an HTTP endpoint, not an MCP tool, so a model cannot clear a rug pull on its own. Name-level change detection — what most implementations do — misses exactly this attack.
• No plaintext to remote hosts. Every federated call forwards the caller's token, so an http:// backend URL pointing anywhere but loopback is refused at load. Same validation on the OAuth endpoints the adapter discovers from a third-party server's metadata, which is the class of bug behind CVE-2025-6514.
• Attributable audit. Each line records which backend served the call and under which scope — not just the tool name.

Honest scope: approvals persist across restarts (CORTEX_TOOL_BASELINE_FILE) but the store is not signed, so this proves "this definition changed since you approved it here", not "this is the definition the vendor published". Operator-signed baselines are the next step, not a claim being made today.

Compliance. These are the controls audits test for on automated access: least-privilege scopes, per-user identity (no over-privileged service account), a per-call attributable audit trail, and central revocation. They map to ISO 27001:2022 Annex A access-control and logging controls (A.5.15, A.5.16, A.5.17, A.5.18, A.8.2, A.8.15, A.8.16) and to SOC 2 CC6/CC7 — both of which apply today. The EU AI Act articles usually cited (Art. 12 record-keeping, Art. 14 human oversight) govern high-risk AI systems only, and after the 2026 Digital Omnibus those obligations were deferred to 2 Dec 2027 (stand-alone Annex III) and 2 Aug 2028 (Annex I embedded); most internal agent deployments are not high-risk, and a gateway is access infrastructure rather than an AI system. Self-hosted means the audit trail and token vault stay in your perimeter — no extra sub-processor under GDPR Art. 28, none in your SOC 2 scope. Cortex supplies the controls, not a certification. Full mapping: https://cortex-gateway.dev/answers/ai-agent-compliance-controls/

Development

npm run typecheck   # tsc --noEmit
npm test            # vitest
npm run build       # prisma generate + next build

The database is optional in every environment: without CORTEX_DATABASE_URL the audit stays on stdout and gateway-local tickets are disabled.

License

MIT