Lottie Animator

Lottie is JSON, which makes it easy to write and easy to write wrongly. The failure mode is specific and nasty: a broken Lottie still parses. A missing os on a polystar, an easing handle one level too high, a layer without ip/op — the file loads, the player reports no error, and the canvas stays empty. And a correct file can still be ugly: linear, bouncy, crowded, purple.

So do not judge an animation by whether the JSON is valid. Judge it by looking at it.

Paths below are relative to this skill's directory; from another project, call them by absolute path. The renderer needs npm install once, in the repository that holds package.json.

Fast path: start from a recipe

examples/ holds twenty-two generators, each a short Python file that writes one finished, linted, rendered animation. Starting from the nearest one beats a blank page: the timing, the easing and the structure are already right, and only the geometry and the beats need to change.

Asked for	Start from	What it teaches
Success, done, saved	success-check	trim draw-on over a settling disc, one quiet ripple
Error, invalid, denied	error-shake	a decaying shake as the hero
Like, favourite, react	heart-like	press → pop → burst; the playful register, labelled
Notification, alert	notification-bell	swing about a top pivot, clapper follow-through
Toggle, switch, setting	toggle-switch	travel plus a colour track, on a dark ground
Lock, privacy, access	lock-unlock	a shackle opening about its leg, state colour
Play, pause, icon to icon	play-pause, shape-morph	path morphs with matched vertex counts
Loading, waiting	spinner-arc, typing-dots, panda-loader	trim chase; a staggered wave; a character loop
Progress, download, charging	download-progress, battery-charge	phases that overlap; stepped fill
Audio, live, recording	equalizer	phase-offset bars anchored at the base
Location, presence	location-ping	staggered rings in perspective
Weather, ambient	weather-sun	repeater rays turning by exactly one spacing
Send, share, travel	paper-plane	spatial tangents: motion on an arc, banking
Celebration, reward	confetti-burst	ballistic arcs, three colours at most
Cards, onboarding, lists	card-stack	glide cascade; the hero lands last
Logo reveal	logo-draw-on, rocket-launch	SVG → Lottie, strokes drawn in reading order
Bounce, physics	bouncing-ball	squash and stretch with volume kept

cp examples/spinner-arc.py build/loader.py
# edit build/loader.py: point its sys.path line at this skill's scripts/ directory,
# then change the geometry and beats to the brief — keep the tokens
python3 build/loader.py --palette night -o build/loader.json

Each generator's docstring states its brief — feeling, register, hero property. Read it before editing so the change keeps the idea that made it work. The same file renders in any palette, so "make it match dark mode" is --palette night, not a rewrite.

The loop

build  →  lint  →  render  →  LOOK  →  revise

Never skip the render. "The JSON is valid" is not a claim about what the user sees.

python3 scripts/lottie_lint.py build/loader.json --strict
node scripts/render.mjs build/loader.json
# Read the filmstrip PNG it prints and actually look at it
node scripts/render.mjs build/loader.json --onion
# the taste pass: Read onion.png and judge the motion, not just the pixels

render.mjs writes filmstrip.png: labelled frames across the timeline, each with a shape count and canvas coverage, on the ground the file was designed for (meta.tc; --bg overrides it). It reports EMPTY FRAME when nothing paints (a layer faded to 0 counts as nothing), off canvas when the art has left the frame, and clipped when it runs past an edge. That proves the animation is not broken. Whether it is good is a second look: --onion writes onion.png, sampled frames stacked oldest-faintest, where the spacing between ghosts is the easing and their path is the arc. Judge it against the taste pass in references/motion-taste.md.

If the tools are unavailable (another repository, no Node), say so and fall back to python3 -c "import json; json.load(open('a.json'))" — but tell the user the result is unverified rather than implying it was checked.

Writing a generator

scripts/motion.py turns the house style into code, so a generator never types a handle, a hex value, or a required property:

import sys; sys.path.insert(0, "<skill>/scripts")
from motion import *

def build(c):                                   # c is a palette, by role
    disc = layer("Disc", group("Disc", ellipse(128), fill(c["accent"])),
                 p=(120, 120),
                 s=track((0, [92, 92], "out"), (22, [100, 100])),
                 o=track((0, 0, "out"), (10, 100)))
    return comp("Disc", 240, 240, [disc], op=90, bg=c["bg"])

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main(build, __file__, palette="paper")      # --palette NAME, -o PATH

• track((t, value, ease), ...) puts handles on every keyframe but the last, so the frozen-canvas defect cannot happen; delay(track, n) offsets it for a cascade; a 4th element ({"to": ..., "ti": ...}) makes position travel on an arc.
• Shapes: ellipse, rect, star, path(squircle(w, h, r)), and svg(d, scale, center) for any SVG path data — draw on a convenient grid and let center move the pivot to the shape's middle. Paint: fill, stroke(dash=...). Modifiers: trim, repeater, round_corners. Structure: group (geometry, paint, then its transform), layer (parent="Name", td/tt for mattes), null, comp.
• In a shapes list, and in the layer list, the first item paints on top.

Palettes

Nine palettes share seven roles — bg (the ground, stored as meta.tc), surface, ink, muted, accent, on_accent, support — and tests hold each to its contrast ratios: paper, night, dusk, harbor, citrus, berry, forest, mono, sky. Write against roles and every palette works; one accent per composition; support is for masses, never a thin line on the ground.

• A brand: add a dict with the same seven roles to PALETTES and check the ratios.
• An existing file (from LottieFiles, a designer, anywhere): python3 scripts/recolor.py in.json --list prints every colour with its uses and layers; then --map "#FF5A5F=#C8522B" -o out.json for each role. It covers static and animated paint, gradient stops, and solid layers.
• Dark mode: render on every ground the host uses. Ink drawn on a ground of the same value is not low contrast, it is invisible, and only the render shows it.

Start from real geometry

Do not hand-write bezier vertices. svg2lottie.py converts SVG paths, rects, circles, ellipses, lines, polygons, polylines, groups, transforms, strokes, and linear/radial gradients into Lottie shape layers. Each element becomes its own named layer anchored at its own centre, so scale and rotation pivot correctly.

python3 scripts/svg2lottie.py icon.svg -o icon.json --size 512 --current-color "#1E1B18"

Icon sets paint with currentColor; pass --current-color or the art comes out black. <text>, <use>, clipPath, and mask are reported as warnings — flatten them in the source SVG first. The output is deliberately static; you add the motion, from Python with convert() (see examples/rocket-launch.py) or by hand.

Before keyframing, decide the motion

Answer these before touching a keyframe. It takes thirty seconds and prevents most revision cycles:

1. Feeling — what should the viewer feel? (trust, delight, urgency, calm)
2. Register — quiet and precise unless the brief says otherwise: zero overshoot, nothing grows from a point. Playful, with bounce, only when asked.
3. Hero property — one of position, scale, rotation, opacity, shape. One. The rest support it at under a third of the amplitude.
4. Timing — feedback 6–10 frames at 60 fps, entrances 18–30, stagger 3, and a hold of at least 12 before a loop repeats.
5. Easing — out for arrivals, in-out for travel and loops, in only for exits.
6. Palette — by role, one accent. No purple gradients, no neon on black.

Motion that competes with the subject is noise. Cut it. The full doctrine, the tokens and the taste pass are in references/motion-taste.md.

More technique, by topic: shape-modifiers.md (trim, repeater, offset, merge) · professional-techniques.md (parenting, rigs, walk cycles, precomps) · disney-principles.md · lottie-gsap-integration.md (scroll scrubbing) · lottie-structure.md · svg-to-lottie.md · examples.md · lottie-tools-ecosystem.md (dotLottie, players)

Easing

Handles belong inside a keyframe, never on the property that holds them. x must stay within 0–1; y may exceed it, which is how overshoot is made — and why the house default keeps y within 0–1. Handles on keyframe n shape the segment from n to n+1 — putting them on the wrong keyframe eases the wrong half of the move.

Every keyframe except the last carries both handles, even when the motion is linear. A keyframe without them is not "linear" in lottie-web: the player throws while interpolating, the render pass aborts, and the canvas freezes on the previous frame with nothing in the console. Hold keyframes (h: 1) are the one exception.

Token (motion.py)	Use	cubic-bezier
out	arrivals, feedback	0.23, 1, 0.32, 1
in-out	travel and morphs, rest to rest	0.77, 0, 0.175, 1
glide	large surfaces	0.32, 0.72, 0, 1
in	exits only	0.55, 0, 1, 0.45
linear	constant rotation, marching offsets	0.333, 0.333, 0.667, 0.667
swing	pendulums, oscillation, breathing	0.37, 0, 0.63, 1
standard	a spinner's chase, a level meter	0.4, 0, 0.2, 1
strike	the first swing after a blow	0.61, 1, 0.88, 1
fall / rise	gravity, exactly t², and its mirror	0.333, 0, 0.667, 0.333 / 0.333, 0.667, 0.667, 1
playful	overshoot, on request only	0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1

As handles, cubic-bezier(x1, y1, x2, y2) is "o": {"x": [x1], "y": [y1]} and "i": {"x": [x2], "y": [y2]} on the keyframe the move leaves. Motion that never rests wants linear, swing or standard: in-out on an oscillation holds at every turn and lurches between.

The defects that render blank

Every one of these shipped in this repository at some point and passed a JSON-parse check. The linter now catches all of them; the tests pin them.

Symptom	Cause
Whole file blank, no console error	Easing handles on the property instead of inside a keyframe (KF011)
One layer missing	Layer has no ip, op, or st, so the playhead never matches it (LY005)
One layer missing	A shape item lacks a required property, so the player drops the layer (SH001)
Geometry present, nothing visible	No fill or stroke on the group (LY015), or opacity 0 throughout (LY016)
Part of the art never shows	A group painted under an opaque sibling listed above it (SH004)
Shape draws at zero size	Geometry left loose in shapes instead of inside a gr group
Art lands in the wrong place	The same offset applied on both the layer transform and the group transform
Visible jump each cycle	First and last keyframe values differ (KF010)
Canvas frozen on one frame, no error	A keyframe other than the last has no o/i handles; lottie-web throws mid-render and the pass aborts (KF012)
Motion feels mechanical	Linear handles on motion that starts and stops (KF007, a note; constant spins and marching offsets are exempt)

Every layer needs ip, op, and st. Miss any one and the layer is hidden at every frame.

Properties whose absence makes a player drop the layer — each verified by removing it from a working file and rendering the result:

fill c,o · stroke c,o,w · gradient fill s,e,g,o · polystar p,r,pt,or,os plus ir,is when sy is 1 · ellipse p,s · rect p,s,r · trim s,e,o · transform o, plus sa whenever sk is present.

The spec also lists a,p,s,r on a transform and t on a gradient. lottie-web supplies defaults for those, so the linter reports them as warnings (SH003) rather than errors — but other players are not guaranteed to be as forgiving.

Finishing

Before saying it is done:

• lottie_lint.py reports no errors (use --strict to fail on warnings too). Its two taste notes — KF013 something grows from a point, KF014 easing overshoots — are the commonest tells of generated motion; fix them unless the brief asked for playful.
• render.mjs shows the intended motion at the start, middle, and end.
• For a loop, the first and last frames match — check the filmstrip, not the numbers.
• The taste pass in motion-taste.md was run on onion.png: spacing eases, long travel arcs, nothing grows from a point, one hero, a readable hold, one accent colour.
• Nothing is clipped or off canvas unless that was the intent.
• If the host has a dark mode, render once per ground (--palette for a generator, --bg for a finished file).

Report what you verified and what you did not. If you could not render it, say that plainly instead of implying the motion was checked.