MCP Tool Discovery

This server registers over 440 snow_* tools across 80 domains and lists none of them. A fresh tool list holds two meta-tools; everything else is behind tool_search. This guide is about getting from "there is probably a tool for this" to a call that actually runs.

No exact total is quoted here, because there are two of them and they disagree: packages/servicenow-mcp/tools.json is what the docs site publishes, the registry is what the running server can dispatch, and nine published tools are missing from the registry (see "Nine tools you can find in the docs but not on the server").

Cold start: two tools

A fresh tools/list on the stdio transport returns exactly this, no matter how many tools exist:

tool_search
tool_execute

That is deliberate. The server's own note puts the full catalog at roughly 71k tokens of schema against about 2k for the two meta-tools. The index is built with every tool marked deferred, and handlers/list-tools.ts returns only meta-tools plus whatever the current session has enabled.

The HTTP transport (the portal) does the opposite — it registers the catalog as non-deferred, so its tools/list returns everything and nothing needs enabling. You can tell which one you are on from the status in a tool_search result: [AVAILABLE] means the server is not gating on the enabled set at all.

The loop

// 1. Search. Found tools are enabled for this session by default.
tool_search({ query: "update-sets" })

// 2. Read the status on each hit:
//    [AVAILABLE] — callable now, nothing had to be enabled
//    [ENABLED]   — deferred, and enabled for this session. Callable now.
//    [DEFERRED]  — NOT callable. Nothing was enabled; see the next section.

// 3. Execute.
tool_execute({ tool: "snow_ensure_active_update_set", args: { name: "Feature: SLA fix" } })

Pass enable: false when you only want to look — it searches without touching session state.

No session id, no tools

This is the failure that wastes an afternoon. Enablement is stored per (tenant, session). With no session id there is nothing to attach it to, so tool_search enables nothing, every hit stays [DEFERRED], and every call is refused:

⚠ 5 deferred tool(s) were NOT enabled: this request carries no session id, so there is nothing to
attach the enablement to. They stay [DEFERRED] and tool_execute will refuse them.

{
  "success": false,
  "error": "Tool \"snow_query_table\" is [DEFERRED] and must be enabled first",
  "hint": "Use tool_search({query: \"query table\"}) to enable this tool",
  "status": "[DEFERRED]"
}

Searching again does not help. The session id is resolved, in order, from the JWT payload's sessionId, an x-session-id header, the SNOW_SESSION_ID environment variable, and finally a current-session.json file written by the Serac CLI. Over plain stdio the first two do not exist and the file only exists if the Serac TUI has run on this machine, so a client that launches the server itself — including the Claude Code plugin's npx … servicenow-mcp-stdio — has no session id unless you give it one:

{
  "mcpServers": {
    "servicenow": {
      "type": "stdio",
      "command": "npx",
      "args": ["-y", "--package=@serac-labs/servicenow-mcp", "servicenow-mcp-stdio"],
      "env": { "SNOW_SESSION_ID": "my-session" }
    }
  }
}

That is the entry the plugin ships in packages/skills/.mcp.json with one addition — env. Keep command and args when you edit it; an entry carrying only env cannot launch anything. Any stable string works as the id. Two consequences worth knowing:

• The enabled set is persisted to disk per session and restored on restart, under ~/Library/Application Support/snow-code/enabled-tools/stdio/<session>.json on macOS, ~/.local/share/snow-code/enabled-tools/ on Linux, %APPDATA%\snow-code\ on Windows. The directory is still named snow-code from before the rename. Reuse the same SNOW_SESSION_ID and yesterday's tools are already enabled; delete the file to start clean.
• On the HTTP transport the store is in memory and per tenant, and a request that cannot be placed in a tenant is refused rather than pooled. You will see no tenant scope in the hint instead.

Calling by name, and why tool_execute is safer

Once a tool is enabled, the server dispatches it by name — handlers/call-tool.ts accepts snow_query_table directly, and the agent instructions tell you to do exactly that.

What the server does not do is tell your client the list grew. It declares capabilities: { tools: {} } with no listChanged, and never sends notifications/tools/list_changed (https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-06-18/server/tools). Per the spec that notification is what prompts a client to re-issue tools/list. So whether a newly enabled tool appears as a callable tool in your context depends entirely on whether your client re-lists on its own.

tool_execute was in the cold-start list, so it always works. Use it for the first call after a search; by-name is a convenience, not a guarantee.

Read the envelope, not just the outer flag

tool_execute reports whether it dispatched, not whether the operation worked. The tool's own verdict is nested:

{
  "success": true,
  "tool": "snow_query_table",
  "result": { "success": false, "error": "undefined is not an object (evaluating 'context.instanceUrl.replace')" }
}

An outer success: true with an inner success: false is a failed operation. Check result.success.

That particular inner error is not a bug in the tool — it is what every tool says when no instance is configured at all. SNOW_INSTANCE is unset; go set it rather than reading the executor.

Guard flags go inside args

Writes against a production-classified instance and configuration writes with no active update set are blocked at the tool layer, through tool_execute exactly as through a by-name call. The retry flags __confirmProd and __skipUpdateSet belong inside the args object, not beside it — they are read from the inner arguments and stripped before the executor sees them:

tool_execute({
  tool: "snow_create_business_rule",
  args: { table: "incident", name: "Auto-assign", __confirmProd: true },
})

Querying: what matches and what silently does not

The index holds, per tool, the name with snow_ stripped and split on _ (keeping parts longer than two characters), plus the first ten significant words of the description. A distinguishing noun that appears late in a long description is not reachable by keyword.

Scoring is per whole word, not per substring. Your query is split the same way the index is, English stop words are dropped, regular plurals are folded, and each remaining word is weighted by how rare it is across the catalog: a word carried by half the tools barely moves a score, a word carried by three decides it. The score is then multiplied by the fraction of your words that matched anything, so a tool that answers two thirds of the request beats one that answers a third of it emphatically. A word that is a prefix of an indexed token still counts, at a discount — which is how "syntax" reaches a description saying "SyntaxErrors".

Domain names are the best query. They pull a whole coherent group and nothing else:

tool_search({ query: "update-sets" })  // all three: snow_update_set_query, snow_ensure_active_update_set, snow_update_set_manage
tool_search({ query: "blast-radius" }) // the whole impact-analysis family
tool_search({ query: "local-sync" })   // the pull/push/status/cleanup family
tool_search({ query: "atf" })          // test, test step, test suite, discover, execute, results

The domain names are the directory names under packages/servicenow-mcp/src/servicenow-mcp-unified/tools/, minus a few that are not domains: __tests__ is tests, meta is where tool_search and tool_execute themselves live and is deliberately outside the registry, and adapters is an empty placeholder. Everything else is searchable.

limit defaults to 10, and seven domains hold more than that: security, integration, automation, operations, agile, cmdb, ui-builder. Exact per-domain counts are not worth memorising — they move every time a tool lands — so treat a sweep that returns exactly 10 as truncated and raise limit.

Table names work, because a table name is words. sys_script_include is split into sys, script, include and scored on the rare ones:

Query	First result
"sys_script_include"	snow_create_script_include
"sysevent_email_action"	snow_email_notification_manage
"sp_widget"	snow_create_sp_widget
"sys_user"	snow_impersonate_user — the weakest of the four, because user is everywhere

That last row is the shape of the remaining failure: a table whose distinguishing part is a word the catalog uses constantly gives you a page of plausible noise. Describe the operation instead — "deactivate a user" reaches snow_user_manage.

Plain English works too, and is usually better. The ranker is measured against 101 realistically phrased requests (tool-search-eval.test.ts); two thirds of them reach the right tool inside the top five. It also knows a small amount of vocabulary the catalog does not share with the people using it — a "ticket" also searches for incidents, a "column" for fields, who is on "shift" for the on-call tools.

When nothing matches, the response carries a suggestion listing "available domains". That list is the first fifteen domain names alphabetically, access-control through calculators. It is not the domain list and it is not a ranked suggestion — do not conclude from it that operations or update-sets do not exist.

What the index actually returns

Top hits from the shipped index, re-run against this checkout. Scoring is a stable sort, so tools on equal scores come back in registration order and the exact ranking shifts every time a tool lands. Read the membership, not the position:

Query	Top hits
"query table"	snow_query_table, snow_validate_query, snow_graphql_query, snow_record_manage
"incident"	snow_analyze_incident, snow_auto_resolve_incident, snow_create_security_incident
"cmdb"	snow_cmdb_identify_reconcile, snow_search_cmdb, snow_cmdb_search
"business rule"	snow_create_business_rule, snow_disable_business_rule
"attachment"	snow_get_attachments, snow_delete_attachment, snow_upload_attachment
"acl"	snow_acl_explain, snow_create_acl_role, snow_create_acl — and snow_test_acl, which fabricates its answer; see below
"flow"	snow_start_workflow, snow_workflow_manage, snow_manage_flow
"jira"	snow_create_oauth_profile, snow_install_spoke — see the last section

Note "incident" does not return the tool you want for incident CRUD. That is snow_record_manage ({ action, table: "incident", … }), which the query "record" or "query table" finds. Note also snow_search_cmdb and snow_cmdb_search — two different tools in two different domains that do nearly the same thing. Duplicated names are common here; read both descriptions before picking.

Ranking is relevance, not quality

tool_search ranks by string match. It has no idea whether a tool works, and this catalog lies in two different ways. You need both, because the defence against one does not catch the other.

Mode one: it never contacts the instance. The executor assembles a success object out of the arguments you passed and returns it. Two of these come back at the top for obvious queries:

• tool_search({ query: "artifact" }) ranks snow_clone_instance_artifact first. It never opens a connection. It returns success with "message": "Cross-instance cloning requires additional authentication setup" and a list of steps naming snow_export_artifact and snow_import_artifact — neither of which exists on this server. Use an update set for instance-to-instance promotion, or snow_pull_artifact / snow_push_artifact for local round-trips.
• tool_search({ query: "incident" }) ranks snow_create_security_incident third. It is an unimplemented stub: it validates and echoes your arguments back with "summary": "Security incident \"…\" prepared with priority: …". Nothing reaches the instance — note the word "prepared". All six snow_create_* tools in the security domain are stubs of the same kind. The SIR tools that do work are the snow_sir_* family (snow_sir_incident_manage and friends, which read and write sn_si_incident), and snow_record_manage against the table directly always works.

The clearest example of why the description is not evidence: snow_create_access_control in security advertises "Writes to sys_security_acl" and never opens a connection. snow_create_acl in access-control is the one that actually POSTs to /api/now/table/sys_security_acl.

Mode two: it contacts the instance and asks the wrong question. A larger cluster of tools POSTs a record to /api/now/table/sys_script_execution and reads the Table API's echo of the row it just inserted as though it were the output of a script. The Table API inserts records; it does not run them. So nothing executes, and every check mode one taught you passes anyway: there is a real HTTP call, a real 201, a real sys_id, and result.success is true.

snow_test_acl, a top hit for "acl" above, is the one to know. It returns has_access: response.data.result — result being the inserted row, a truthy object on every call — so it reports access unconditionally and never evaluates an ACL. It ignores the operation and user you gave it. For ACL work, use snow_acl_explain to see which rules match and which roles the user holds, and snow_create_acl to write one; for the actual verdict, impersonate in the UI, because the platform decides an ACL against one specific record and nothing over the Table API evaluates that.

Not everything in that cluster fabricates — some tools throw when the echo carries no output, which is a loud, honest failure. The distinguishing question is always whether the response describes the thing you asked about or the request you filed.

Two habits that cost nothing:

• Prefer a tool whose description names a table or an API endpoint — then confirm it, because a description alone proves nothing. Vagueness ("handles authentication, dependency resolution and data migration") is a reliable smell; a named table is a starting point, not a guarantee.
• After any write you care about, read it back with snow_query_table or snow_record_manage — and read back the artifact you meant to change, on the table you meant to change it on. A sys_id in the response is not evidence by itself: the sys_script_execution tools hand you a perfectly re-queryable sys_id belonging to a row you never asked for. If you created a business rule, the proof is a row in sys_script, not a successful lookup of whatever id came back.

The dependable core, for reference: snow_query_table and snow_record_manage for records, snow_artifact_manage and snow_pull_artifact / snow_push_artifact for artifacts, snow_update_set_manage / snow_ensure_active_update_set for change tracking, snow_session_context for who you are authenticated as, snow_diagnose_setup when calls fail for reasons that look like nothing.

The result is a summary, not a schema

Each hit is trimmed: description cut at 200 characters, at most five parameters shown, each parameter description cut at 80. has_more_params: true means there are more, and the search response will not show them. snow_artifact_manage has 56 parameters; you see five.

To see the whole schema, enable the tool and let your client re-list (tools/list carries the full inputSchema), or call it and read the validation error. Do not infer that a parameter does not exist because tool_search did not print it.

The docs list and the server's list are checked against each other

tools.json — the manifest the docs site and the portal render — is generated by walking the tool files. The running server builds its registry from a hard-coded domain map in shared/tool-registry.ts. Those are two different readers of the same tree, and they drifted: nine tools were published and unreachable (tools/fsm/, tools/predictive-intelligence/ and snow_create_catalog_variable, none of them in the map or re-exported), and snow_comprehensive_search was the reverse — callable but absent from the manifest. That was serac-labs/serac#307, now fixed, and packages/servicenow-mcp/src/__tests__/registry-manifest-parity.test.ts fails in either direction if it happens again.

So a name in tools.json is a name you can call. If a tool answers

{
  "success": false,
  "error": "Tool not found: snow_something",
  "suggestion": "Use tool_search to find available tools"
}

the name is wrong, not missing — check it against tools.json rather than re-searching for it.

One thing the manifest does carry that you should not call: entries marked "deprecated": true, whose description opens with [DEPRECATED - use <replacement>]. snow_comprehensive_search is one — it is a backwards-compatible alias for snow_search_artifacts. Use the replacement the description names.

Two environment variables that do not do what they say

• SNOW_LAZY_TOOLS=false is documented as loading the whole catalog at startup. On stdio it does not: the transport builds its index with every tool marked deferred regardless of the variable, so tools/list still returns tool_search and tool_execute and nothing else. The startup log claims otherwise. Discover through tool_search either way.
• SNOW_TOOL_DOMAINS=cmdb,operations filters tools/list only. tool_execute never consults it, so a tool from an excluded domain still runs if it has been enabled. Treat it as a display filter, not a restriction.

Enterprise integrations are a different server

jira_*, azdo_*, confluence_*, github_* and gitlab_* are real, and they are not here. Every tool in this server's registry begins with snow_ — tool_search and tool_execute are the exception, and they are not registry tools at all but the two meta-tools bolted on beside it. The integrations live behind a separate binary, servicenow-mcp-enterprise-proxy, which fetches its catalog from the Serac license server and exposes its own pair of meta-tools — enterprise_tool_search and enterprise_tool_execute, prefixed precisely so they cannot collide with the two on this server.

So tool_search({ query: "jira" }) is the wrong call, not a call for tools that do not exist: on this server it returns snow_create_oauth_profile and snow_install_spoke. If enterprise_tool_search is not in your tool list, that server is not configured for this session — the plugin's .mcp.json starts only servicenow-mcp-stdio — and no query will reach those tools.

Discovery is silent

Never narrate it. Do not say "let me first activate the tool" or "I'm searching for the right tool" — search, enable, call, and report the outcome. If a call fails, search again with different terms, silently.

When discovery is not the problem

If tools resolve and enable but every call fails — 401s, HTML where JSON should be, "not valid JSON" — stop searching and call snow_diagnose_setup. It reports which credential source was used, whether the instance is awake, and whether the OAuth exchange succeeds. A hibernating developer instance answers with an HTML login page, and every tool then looks like it has a parse bug.

Symptom	Cause
Every hit is [DEFERRED], nothing enables	No session id — set SNOW_SESSION_ID
Tool "x" is [DEFERRED] and must be enabled first	Not enabled in this session; tool_search it first
Tool not found: x after a successful docs lookup	Published but never registered — see serac-labs/serac#307
No tools found matching "sys_..."	Table-name query; search the operation instead
Enabled tool never appears in your client's tool list	No listChanged notification — use tool_execute
success: true but nothing changed on the instance	Read result.success; if that is true too, re-query the artifact on its own table — the tool may be a stub or a sys_script_execution echo
Tool refuses over HTTP but works locally	Transport allowlist — that tool touches the local filesystem