Modeling Dimensional Data

When to use

• Designing warehouse/mart tables for analytics or BI.
• Deciding a table's grain, or whether something is a fact or a dimension.
• Tracking attribute history over time (customer moved, product re-priced).
• Do NOT use for OLTP/application schema design (normalize instead).

Workflow

- [ ] Pick the business process to model
- [ ] Declare the grain (one row = ...)
- [ ] Identify the dimensions (context: who/what/where/when)
- [ ] Identify the facts (numeric measures at that grain)
- [ ] Choose SCD behavior per dimension attribute
- [ ] Add surrogate keys and relationships

1. Choose the process (orders, sessions, payments) — one star per process.
2. Declare the grain first and write it down: "one row per order line." Every fact column must be true at that grain. Never mix grains in one fact table.
3. Dimensions carry descriptive context and are the columns users filter/group by. Facts are additive numeric measures.
4. Pick SCD type per attribute (see below) based on whether history matters.
5. Use surrogate keys (warehouse-generated) as primary/foreign keys; keep the source natural key as a separate column.

Patterns

Star schema — one central fact table with foreign keys to denormalized dimensions. Prefer this default: fewer joins, faster BI, easier to understand. Snowflake schema normalizes dimensions into sub-tables; use only when a dimension is huge and shared, accepting more joins.

Fact table types:

• Transaction — one row per event (most common).
• Periodic snapshot — one row per entity per period (daily balances).
• Accumulating snapshot — one row per process instance, updated as it progresses.

SCD types (per attribute):

• Type 1 — overwrite; no history. Use for corrections.
• Type 2 — add a new row with valid_from/valid_to + is_current; preserves full history. The default when history matters.
• Type 3 — add a previous_value column; keeps only the prior value.

-- SCD Type 2 dimension row shape
customer_key      BIGINT      -- surrogate key (unique per version)
customer_id       VARCHAR     -- natural/business key (stable across versions)
name              VARCHAR
region            VARCHAR
valid_from        TIMESTAMP
valid_to          TIMESTAMP   -- NULL or 9999-12-31 for the current version
is_current        BOOLEAN

Join facts to the dimension version that was current at the event time using the surrogate key captured at load time, not the natural key.

Common pitfalls

• Undeclared or mixed grain — the root cause of double-counting. Declare it and enforce it with a uniqueness test.
• Joining facts on natural keys — breaks under SCD Type 2; join on the surrogate key resolved at event time.
• Non-additive measures stored as additive (ratios, percentages) — store the numerator and denominator, compute the ratio at query time.
• Overusing snowflaking — normalizing every dimension adds joins for little benefit in a columnar warehouse.
• Nulls in dimension foreign keys — use a dedicated "unknown" dimension row (key = -1) instead of NULL so joins stay inner and counts stay correct.

References

• SCD implementation patterns