PyPI Operations

Publish Python packages to PyPI on the 2026 best-practice path: OIDC Trusted Publishing with signed PEP 740 attestations, no long-lived token to leak. This skill owns the publish layer (the registry handshake, the first-publish gotchas, the recovery playbook). General GitHub Actions syntax is ci-cd-ops; the install-side worm defense is supply-chain-defense; gh/release-page mechanics are github-ops.

Where this fits — the release pipeline

A release spans several skills; pypi-ops owns the registry step. Chain them:

1. Vet dependencies before cutting a release — supply-chain-defense (cooldown + behavioural scan). The build runs dependency code before it touches your publish credential, so a poisoned build dep can steal the token.
2. Preflight — scripts/publish-preflight.sh --build . (this skill).
3. Bump → tag → push — git-ops (its push-gate scans for secrets / forbidden files before the tag goes up).
4. CI publishes via OIDC — this skill's assets/publish.yml; you approve at the pypi environment gate.
5. Release page (optional, GitHub) — github-ops, human-reviewed notes.

The one decision: OIDC vs API token

Default to OIDC Trusted Publishing. Reach for a token only when OIDC is impossible (publishing from a non-supported CI, or a one-off local push).

	Trusted Publishing (OIDC) ← default	API token
Secret stored	None — short-lived OIDC token minted per run	Long-lived pypi-… token in a secret
Leak/phish blast radius	None to steal	Full publish rights until rotated
Provenance	PEP 740 attestations (signed, verifiable)	None by default
Setup	One-time publisher registration on PyPI	Generate token + store secret
Best for	All CI/CD releases	Legacy CI, emergency local upload

If a repo currently uses a token, migrating to OIDC is strictly an upgrade — see references/trusted-publishing.md.

The #1 gotcha: first publish needs a pending publisher

A Trusted Publisher is normally configured under the project's settings on PyPI — but on the first ever publish the project doesn't exist yet, so there's nothing to configure it under. The fix is a pending publisher, registered at the account level before the first upload.

Symptom (the exact failure this skill exists to kill):

Trusted publishing exchange failure:
* invalid-publisher: valid token, but no corresponding publisher
  (Publisher with matching claims was not found)

The OIDC token was valid; PyPI just has no publisher matching the claims. Fix:

PyPI → https://pypi.org/manage/account/publishing/ → Add a pending publisher

Field	Value
PyPI Project Name	the dist name from pyproject.toml [project].name
Owner	GitHub org/user
Repository name	repo name
Workflow name	the filename, e.g. publish.yml (not the name:)
Environment name	must equal the job's environment: (e.g. pypi)

All four claims must match the run's OIDC token exactly. After the first successful publish, the pending publisher auto-converts to a normal project publisher — no further action. Run diagnose-publish.sh on a failed run to read the exact claims it presented and compare them field-by-field.

This is the most common silent-failure mode: a package's publish.yml looks perfect and every release builds green, yet nothing ever reaches PyPI because the publisher was never registered. Check it first.

Recommended workflow (copy assets/publish.yml)

The shipped template is hardened to the patterns below — adapt the marked points and drop it in .github/workflows/. Non-negotiables it encodes:

• on: push: tags: ['v*'] — release on a version tag, never on every push.
• OIDC, no token: the publish job has permissions: id-token: write and pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish with attestations: true. No password:/token.
• environment: pypi on the publish job → a human approves every release (defense-in-depth: even a compromised repo can't auto-ship).
• Build/publish split: a build job (no elevated perms) produces + uploads the dist artifact; publish downloads it. Least privilege per job.
• uv sync --locked + pip-audit: the release is built against the committed, hash-verified lockfile and blocked if a dep has a known CVE.
• twine check / metadata validation before upload.
• SHA-pinned actions with a trailing # vX comment (mutable tags get hijacked — see check-action-pins.py).
• Verify-on-PyPI tail job — polls the JSON API so a silent publish failure (accepted-but-not-live, CDN lag) surfaces loudly instead of looking fine.

Supply-chain hardening — the publisher side

Stealing your publish credential lets an attacker ship malware to everyone who installs you — so the publish path is the surface the 2026 worm campaign (Mini Shai-Hulud) targets, minting PyPI/npm tokens from stale OIDC trust and orphaned workflows. The template above isn't just convention; each choice is a defense:

Control	Defends against
OIDC, no stored token	Credential theft/phishing — there is no long-lived secret to steal
PEP 740 attestations	Tampered artifacts — provenance is signed and verifiable
environment: pypi + reviewers	A compromised repo/CI auto-shipping — a human still gates the release
pip-audit gate	A knowingly-vulnerable dependency reaching the release build
SHA-pinned actions (check-action-pins.py)	Action-tag hijacks (tj-actions, 2025) repointing @vN to a malicious commit
permissions: {} + per-job least privilege	A poisoned build step escalating beyond read
uv sync --locked	Build-time dependency injection / silent re-resolution

Then audit the trust itself, not just the workflow:

• Revoke stale Trusted Publishers / OIDC federation you no longer use — an orphaned publisher bound to a deletable workflow is the Mini Shai-Hulud entry point. Review PyPI → project → Publishing periodically.
• If a token is in play, rotate it (project-scoped, short-lived) — better, migrate to OIDC and delete it. See trusted-publishing.md.
• Vet build dependencies before a release, not after — a poisoned uv sync step runs before your OIDC token is even minted.

Division of labour: pypi-ops owns publisher hardening; supply-chain-defense owns the install side and ships integrity-audit.sh (hunts pull_request_target

• OIDC misconfig and worm persistence) — run it on any repo that publishes, and gate dependency bumps through its cooldown + behavioural scan.

Cutting a release — preflight then tag

Before tagging, run the preflight so a release never fails on something mechanical (version skew, dirty lock, missing publisher config):

scripts/publish-preflight.sh .                 # human summary; exit 10 = not ready
scripts/publish-preflight.sh --build .          # also build + twine-check the dist
scripts/publish-preflight.sh --json . | jq '.data[] | select(.ok==false)'

It checks: pyproject version == __init__.__version__, the version is not already on PyPI (uploads are immutable — you cannot re-push 1.2.3), the lockfile self-version matches, a tag (if present) matches the version, and the publish workflow uses OIDC (flags a stored token). --build additionally verifies the package actually builds and passes twine check. Dynamic-versioned projects (hatch-vcs / setuptools-scm) are read from the HEAD tag. Green → bump, commit, tag, push the tag; CI builds, waits at the pypi environment gate, you approve.

When a publish fails — classify, don't guess

scripts/diagnose-publish.sh <run-id>           # reads gh run log, names the cause + fix
gh run view <run-id> --log-failed | scripts/diagnose-publish.sh -   # or pipe a log

The high-frequency failure classes and their fixes:

Symptom	Cause	Fix
invalid-publisher / claims not found	No (pending) publisher on PyPI	Register the pending publisher (above)
File already exists / 400 on upload	Version already on PyPI (immutable)	Bump the version; never reuse — see recovery
Job stuck "Waiting"	environment: pypi needs approval	Approve the deployment in the run's UI
environment … not found	Publisher claim names an env the job lacks	Make environment: and the publisher's Environment match
Built green, not on PyPI	Silent accept / no verify step	Add the verify-on-PyPI job; re-run
non-OIDC/token rejected	Token wrong/expired, or OIDC misread as token	Prefer OIDC; if token, rotate + re-store

Full catalogue with the underlying mechanics: references/recovery-playbook.md.

Local & manual publishing (uv / twine)

For a one-off or a non-CI environment. Prefer uv in 2026 (faster, native):

uv build                                   # sdist + wheel into dist/
uv publish --trusted-publishing automatic  # OIDC if in supported CI, else prompts
# token path (store in ~/.pypirc or env, never inline on the CLI history):
UV_PUBLISH_TOKEN="pypi-…" uv publish

twine remains the canonical fallback and the metadata validator (the GitHub Action wraps it internally):

python -m twine check dist/*               # ALWAYS run before any upload
python -m twine upload dist/*              # token from ~/.pypirc; legacy path

Never hand-roll the HTTP upload. Details + ~/.pypirc shape: references/uv-publish.md.

Dry-run on TestPyPI first

For a brand-new package or a risky metadata change, publish to test.pypi.org first — it has its own separate accounts and its own pending-publisher registration. Point the action at repository-url: https://test.pypi.org/legacy/ and register the pending publisher on TestPyPI. See references/trusted-publishing.md.

Keeping the workflow from rotting

The pinned action SHAs and pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish major drift over time. The verifier flags it before a release does:

scripts/check-action-pins.py --offline .github/workflows/publish.yml   # structure: all pinned + commented
scripts/check-action-pins.py --live    .github/workflows/publish.yml   # resolve tags → flag SHA drift

--offline is the PR gate (every uses: is SHA-pinned with a # vX comment); --live runs scheduled (resolves each pin against GitHub and exits 10 on drift, 7 if GitHub is unreachable — advisory, never a flaky block).

Publishing many packages (a fleet)

When several repos publish the same way, don't copy publish.yml N times — each copy drifts its own SHA pins. Hoist the publish job into a reusable workflow (on: workflow_call) in one repo, and have each package's tiny caller pass its dist name. OIDC still works: the caller's workflow_ref is what PyPI matches, so register each package's pending publisher against the caller filename (e.g. release.yml), not the shared one. One place to refresh pins (check-action-pins.py on the reusable workflow); one approval gate definition; per-package publishers. See references/trusted-publishing.md for the claim that must match.

Reference files

File	Load when
references/trusted-publishing.md	Setting up OIDC, pending vs project publisher, OIDC claim semantics, environments, TestPyPI, token→OIDC migration
references/recovery-playbook.md	A publish failed and you need the full failure-class catalogue + mechanics
references/uv-publish.md	Local/manual publishing, uv build/uv publish, twine, ~/.pypirc, build backends