Spring WebSocket

Quick Start

<!-- pom.xml -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-websocket</artifactId>
</dependency>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSocketMessageBroker
public class WebSocketConfig implements WebSocketMessageBrokerConfigurer {

    @Override
    public void configureMessageBroker(MessageBrokerRegistry registry) {
        // Prefix for messages from server to clients (subscribe)
        registry.enableSimpleBroker("/topic", "/queue");
        // Prefix for messages from clients to server
        registry.setApplicationDestinationPrefixes("/app");
        // Prefix for private messages to a specific user
        registry.setUserDestinationPrefix("/user");
    }

    @Override
    public void registerStompEndpoints(StompEndpointRegistry registry) {
        registry.addEndpoint("/ws")
            .setAllowedOrigins("http://localhost:3000")
            .withSockJS();  // Fallback for browsers without WebSocket
    }
}

---

Message Controller

@Controller
@RequiredArgsConstructor
@Slf4j
public class ChatController {

    private final SimpMessagingTemplate messagingTemplate;

    // Receives message and broadcasts to all subscribers of /topic/chat
    @MessageMapping("/chat.send")
    @SendTo("/topic/chat")
    public ChatMessage sendMessage(ChatMessage message, Principal principal) {
        message.setSender(principal.getName());
        message.setTimestamp(Instant.now());
        return message;
    }

    // Direct reply to the sender
    @MessageMapping("/chat.echo")
    @SendToUser("/queue/reply")
    public ChatMessage echoMessage(ChatMessage message) {
        message.setContent("Echo: " + message.getContent());
        return message;
    }

    // Programmatic send to a specific user
    @MessageMapping("/chat.private")
    public void sendPrivateMessage(PrivateMessage message, Principal principal) {
        message.setSender(principal.getName());
        messagingTemplate.convertAndSendToUser(
            message.getRecipient(),
            "/queue/private",
            message
        );
    }

    // Broadcast to all
    public void broadcastNotification(NotificationMessage notification) {
        messagingTemplate.convertAndSend("/topic/notifications", notification);
    }
}

// DTOs
public record ChatMessage(
    String id, String sender, String content,
    Instant timestamp, MessageType type
) {}

public enum MessageType { CHAT, JOIN, LEAVE, TYPING }

public record PrivateMessage(
    String sender, String recipient, String content, Instant timestamp
) {}

---

Event Handlers

@Component
@RequiredArgsConstructor
@Slf4j
public class WebSocketEventListener {

    private final SimpMessagingTemplate messagingTemplate;
    private final OnlineUserService onlineUserService;

    @EventListener
    public void handleSessionConnected(SessionConnectedEvent event) {
        StompHeaderAccessor accessor = StompHeaderAccessor.wrap(event.getMessage());
        String sessionId = accessor.getSessionId();
        Principal principal = accessor.getUser();

        if (principal != null) {
            String username = principal.getName();
            onlineUserService.userConnected(username, sessionId);
            messagingTemplate.convertAndSend("/topic/users.online",
                new UserStatusMessage(username, UserStatus.ONLINE));
        }
    }

    @EventListener
    public void handleSessionDisconnect(SessionDisconnectEvent event) {
        StompHeaderAccessor accessor = StompHeaderAccessor.wrap(event.getMessage());
        String sessionId = accessor.getSessionId();

        onlineUserService.findBySessionId(sessionId).ifPresent(username -> {
            onlineUserService.userDisconnected(sessionId);
            messagingTemplate.convertAndSend("/topic/users.online",
                new UserStatusMessage(username, UserStatus.OFFLINE));
        });
    }
}

Full Reference: See security.md for complete security configuration and validation.

---

Security Essentials

@Configuration
@EnableWebSocketSecurity
public class WebSocketSecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    public AuthorizationManager<Message<?>> messageAuthorizationManager(
            MessageMatcherDelegatingAuthorizationManager.Builder messages) {
        return messages
            .nullDestMatcher().permitAll()
            .simpSubscribeDestMatchers("/topic/public/**").permitAll()
            .simpSubscribeDestMatchers("/topic/**", "/queue/**").authenticated()
            .simpDestMatchers("/app/**").authenticated()
            .anyMessage().authenticated()
            .build();
    }
}

Full Reference: See security.md for JWT auth, CSRF protection, and message validation.

---

Session Attributes & Headers

@Controller
public class ChatController {

    @MessageMapping("/chat.join")
    @SendTo("/topic/chat")
    public ChatMessage joinChat(
            @Payload JoinRequest request,
            @Header("simpSessionId") String sessionId,
            SimpMessageHeaderAccessor headerAccessor) {

        // Save attributes in the WebSocket session
        headerAccessor.getSessionAttributes().put("username", request.username());
        headerAccessor.getSessionAttributes().put("roomId", request.roomId());

        return new ChatMessage(null, request.username(),
            request.username() + " joined!", Instant.now(), MessageType.JOIN);
    }
}

---

Error Handling

@ControllerAdvice
public class WebSocketExceptionHandler {

    @MessageExceptionHandler
    @SendToUser("/queue/errors")
    public ErrorMessage handleException(Exception e) {
        return new ErrorMessage("ERROR", e.getMessage(), Instant.now());
    }

    @MessageExceptionHandler(AccessDeniedException.class)
    @SendToUser("/queue/errors")
    public ErrorMessage handleAccessDenied(AccessDeniedException e) {
        return new ErrorMessage("ACCESS_DENIED",
            "You don't have permission", Instant.now());
    }
}

public record ErrorMessage(String code, String message, Instant timestamp) {}

---

Heartbeat Configuration

@Configuration
@EnableWebSocketMessageBroker
public class WebSocketConfig implements WebSocketMessageBrokerConfigurer {

    @Override
    public void configureMessageBroker(MessageBrokerRegistry registry) {
        registry.enableSimpleBroker("/topic", "/queue")
            .setHeartbeatValue(new long[]{10000, 10000})  // Server, Client in ms
            .setTaskScheduler(heartBeatScheduler());
        registry.setApplicationDestinationPrefixes("/app");
    }

    @Bean
    public TaskScheduler heartBeatScheduler() {
        ThreadPoolTaskScheduler scheduler = new ThreadPoolTaskScheduler();
        scheduler.setPoolSize(1);
        scheduler.setThreadNamePrefix("ws-heartbeat-");
        scheduler.initialize();
        return scheduler;
    }

    @Override
    public void configureWebSocketTransport(WebSocketTransportRegistration registry) {
        registry.setMessageSizeLimit(128 * 1024)      // 128KB max message
            .setSendBufferSizeLimit(512 * 1024)       // 512KB send buffer
            .setSendTimeLimit(20 * 1000);             // 20s send timeout
    }
}

Full Reference: See brokers.md for RabbitMQ and Redis external broker configuration.

---

Best Practices

Do	Don't
Use STOMP + SockJS for cross-browser	Use raw WebSocket only
Implement heartbeat for disconnect detection	Rely on TCP keepalive
Use external broker (RabbitMQ) for scaling	Use simple broker in production
Validate payload before processing	Trust client input
Handle disconnections properly	Keep state in memory only

---

When NOT to Use This Skill

• REST APIs - Use spring-rest skill
• Simple SSE - Use SseEmitter endpoints
• NestJS WebSocket - Use nestjs-websocket skill
• React client - Use react-websocket skill for frontend

---

Anti-Patterns

Anti-Pattern	Problem	Solution
Connection refused	Endpoint not configured	Verify registerStompEndpoints
403 Forbidden	CORS not configured	Add setAllowedOrigins
No session	Principal null	Configure WebSocket authentication
Simple broker in prod	No horizontal scaling	Use RabbitMQ/Redis adapter
State in memory	Lost on restart	Use external session store

---

Quick Troubleshooting

Problem	Diagnostic	Fix
Connection refused	Check endpoint config	Verify registerStompEndpoints
403 Forbidden	Check CORS	Add setAllowedOrigins
Principal is null	Check auth config	Implement AuthChannelInterceptor
Message too large	Check size limits	Increase setMessageSizeLimit
Heartbeat timeout	Check intervals	Configure heartbeat properly

---

Reference Files

File	Content
brokers.md	RabbitMQ, Redis external broker configuration
security.md	JWT Auth, CSRF, Message Validation
advanced.md	Low-level WebSocket, JS Client, Testing

---

External Documentation

• Spring WebSocket
• STOMP Protocol