CI Mockup Figure

Overview

The goal is space-efficient, information-dense figures that communicate a system's design, a method's pipeline, or an architectural flowchart in minimal page area. Three paths depending on figure type:

• HTML mockup path (Phases 1-4 below): for UI mockups, dashboards, timelines, and any figure where content is rectangular with no cross-node arrows. Build interactive HTML, capture screenshots, insert into LaTeX.
• README / Markdown hero path (README / Markdown Target section): same HTML build phase, but capture via headless Chrome to a PNG and embed it as a Markdown image referencing assets/fig.png. Requires larger type, higher content density, and one dominant focal element -- the viewer scales the image down to column width.
• Abstract figure path (Abstract Figure Toolchain section): for architecture overviews, dependency topologies, and any figure needing arrow routing between non-adjacent nodes. Use TikZ, skia-canvas, or Illustrator ExtendScript.

Every figure must pass the space test: does this figure communicate more per square inch than the text it displaces? If a full-width figure takes half a page but only says "A → B → C → D", it fails. A wrapfigure showing an interactive prototype with search results, graph nodes, and real data labels passes because it communicates system design, data model, and UX simultaneously.

This skill works for any document where figures need to communicate design or methodology credibly: research papers (method overview, architecture diagrams, pipeline flowcharts), proposals (NSF, NIH, DOE, etc.), technical reports, or demo writeups. It is especially effective when the figure needs to show multi-component structure, data flow, or step-by-step methodology and reviewers evaluate whether the design is credible and well-conceived.

HTML mockups vs TikZ/LaTeX diagrams

HTML and TikZ each have a clear strength. The deciding factor is whether the figure needs arrow routing between non-adjacent nodes.

	HTML mockup	TikZ
Visual polish	Modern CSS, shadows, gradients, rounded cards	Flat, academic-looking boxes
Iteration speed	Change CSS and refresh	Recompile LaTeX, debug positioning
Layout control	Flexbox/grid, responsive	Manual coordinate math
Color/font variety	Full CSS + web fonts	Limited, verbose color defs
Interactivity	View switching, capture mode	Static only
Arrow routing	Breaks on cross-row/non-adjacent nodes	Node anchoring solves this natively
Font matching	Separate from LaTeX	Perfect match with document body

Prefer HTML for system mockups, dashboards, Gantt/timeline figures, and any figure where the content is inherently rectangular and flows naturally (no cross-node arrows needed).

Prefer TikZ for abstract framework diagrams, dependency topologies, and architecture overviews where arrows must route between non-adjacent nodes (L-shaped, curved, crossing rows). TikZ node anchoring (node.south, node.east) handles this natively. Also prefer TikZ for small inline diagrams that must live inside the LaTeX source or when exact font matching is critical.

Prefer skia-canvas (Node.js) when you need the arrow-routing control of TikZ but want faster iteration (edit .mjs, run, get PDF) and richer visual styling than TikZ provides.

HTML mockups vs AI image generation

HTML mockups are strictly better than AI-generated images for system and method figures. AI image generation is acceptable only for artistic/conceptual overview diagrams.

	HTML mockup	AI image generation
Text legibility	Pixel-perfect, real fonts	Often garbled or blurry
Data accuracy	Every number/label controlled	Hallucinated values
Iteration speed	Change CSS and refresh	Re-prompt and hope
Consistency	Same palette across figures	Each generation varies
Print quality	Vector PDF via browser print	Always raster
Reviewer trust	Looks like a system you could build	Looks like a concept sketch

HTML mockups vs PowerPoint (for timelines)

HTML is also better than PPTX for Gantt/timeline figures:

	HTML	PowerPoint
Alignment	CSS grid, pixel-perfect	Manual drag
Edits	Change one label, everything reflows	Reposition every box
Color consistency	CSS variables, one source of truth	Manual color matching
Capture	Browser Print → PDF (vector)	Export PDF (often wrong margins)

When to Use

• The document describes a multi-component system or multi-step methodology (e.g., "representation layer + discovery service + workflow engine", or "data collection → feature extraction → model training → evaluation")
• Abstract pipeline diagrams feel generic and do not differentiate the work
• The figure needs to show architectural structure, data flow, or method pipeline with real labels, not just boxes and arrows
• Collaborators need something interactive to react to and iterate on
• The document has a page limit and figures need to be space-efficient
• A timeline/Gantt figure is needed for the work plan or project overview

When NOT to Use (either path)

• Experimental result figures (plots, charts, tables, ablation curves) -- use Python (matplotlib, seaborn, plotly) or LaTeX (pgfplots, tikz) instead. This skill is for system/method diagrams, not data visualization.

When to Use the Abstract Path Instead of HTML

• Abstract framework diagrams with cross-node arrow routing -- dependency topologies, architecture overviews with curved arrows between non-adjacent nodes, box-and-arrow conceptual figures. HTML/CSS fails at arrow routing: JS-positioned SVG arrows drift and misalign, CSS pseudo-element arrows work only for simple adjacent connections, and card grid layouts read as a product dashboard, not a research diagram. Use the Abstract Figure Toolchain section below.

Abstract Figure Toolchain

When the figure is NOT a UI mockup, dashboard, or timeline (i.e., it needs arrows between nodes, dependency edges, or architectural flow), HTML/CSS is the wrong tool. The core problem: arrow routing is the bottleneck, not box/text rendering. Any tool with node-anchor-based arrow endpoints works; any tool relying on CSS layout for arrow positioning will struggle.

What fails in HTML/CSS for abstract diagrams

Problem	Why
Curved arrows between components	Requires absolute-positioned SVG overlay that fights CSS layout
External screenshots as hero images	Multi-panel screenshots break object-fit: cover and explode containers
Card grid layout	Reads as a product dashboard, not a research diagram
Print fidelity	Browser print rescales unpredictably for non-page layouts
Emoji/icons for decoration	Instantly makes the figure look unprofessional

Recommended tools (ranked by context)

Context	Tool	Why
LaTeX paper, arrow-heavy	TikZ	Node anchoring (node.south, node.east) handles arrow routing natively. Font/style consistency with the paper is free. Academic gold standard.
Programmatic iteration needed	skia-canvas (Node.js)	Same Canvas API as HTML but headless, with direct PDF/SVG vector export. Edit coordinates in .mjs, run node script.mjs, get PDF. No browser, no capture, no pdfcrop.
Final hand-polish needed	Illustrator ExtendScript (.jsx)	Generate programmatically, then hand-adjust. Best for figures that need to look "designed." Requires Illustrator.
Python-only environment	drawsvg (pip install drawsvg)	SVG-first imperative drawing. For PDF, convert the output SVG externally (e.g., Inkscape CLI or cairosvg, which needs the Cairo C library and is tricky on Windows).

Not recommended: D2 (auto layout too unpredictable for precise academic figures), Graphviz (limited custom styling), matplotlib (designed for data plots, not diagrams).

skia-canvas workflow

A parallel capture path to the HTML workflow, for abstract figures:

npm install skia-canvas
# edit generate-figure.mjs (Canvas API: ctx.roundRect, ctx.fillText, ctx.lineTo)
node generate-figure.mjs
# outputs figure.pdf (vector), figure.svg, figure.png
# use figure.pdf directly in \includegraphics — no pdfcrop needed

Script structure pattern:

gen_overview.mjs
├── helpers: roundRect(), text(), drawArrow(), drawImage()
├── layout constants: W, H, panel positions, gap sizes
├── draw():
│   ├── header bar (title + thumbnails)
│   ├── component panels (frame + internal diagram + footer)
│   ├── inter-component arrows with labeled handoffs
│   └── bottom strip (use cases + running example)
└── export: PDF + PNG preview

Adjust coordinates, rerun, get new PDF instantly. No browser, no print quirks.

Design principles for abstract/architecture figures

1. No external screenshots in component panels. Draw diagrams programmatically (nodes, edges, flow stages). Screenshots are not made for your figure's aspect ratio and will break.
2. Real images only in grounding areas (use case strips, running example ribbons) where they are decorative context, not structural elements.
3. Horizontal layout for pipeline figures (T1 -> T2 -> T3 left-to-right). Vertical stacking wastes landscape width.
4. Minimal elements per panel: badge, title, one diagram, short description, one output line.
5. Light tint fills (rgba(..., 0.06-0.08)), thick top-border accent per component. No saturated card backgrounds, no shadows, no pills/chips.
6. Inter-component arrows with labeled handoffs (e.g., "Asset Graph", "Discovery Trace") as explicit connectors, not just whitespace.
7. Professional typography: Helvetica or Arial (Nature journal convention). Serif (Georgia) for text-heavy insets. Never Segoe UI, Inter, or geometric narrow variants -- those read as AI-startup product. No emoji.

Avoid the AI-startup look. Segoe UI or Inter combined with an indigo-violet-and-amber palette reads as a product dashboard, not a research figure. For scientific figures:

• Font: Helvetica or Arial
• Palette: NPG / ggsci convention -- coral #E64B35, slate-blue #3C5488, teal #00A087, salmon #F39B7F
• Avoid: indigo or violet as a primary color; gradient bars; pill buttons; heavy drop shadows

Space Budget (decide first)

Before designing anything, decide the figure budget for the document. The table below uses LaTeX environments as examples; adapt to the target format.

Figure type	Space cost	When to use
wrapfigure{r}{0.55\textwidth}	~55% column width, text wraps beside	Best default for system mockups — gives prose enough room
wrapfigure{r}{0.46\textwidth} 2x2 grid	~46% column width, 4 images in compact grid	Motivation figures with matched-ratio panels
figure[t] full-width	Full column, ~3-4cm height for landscape	Timelines, overview diagrams, or mockups with small text
subfloat 1x4 row in figure[t]	Full column, ~3cm height	Cross-domain motivation (all same aspect ratio)

Lesson learned: 0.68\textwidth is too wide for most wrapfigures. At 0.68, the remaining text column is too narrow for comfortable reading and the prose wraps through multiple paragraphs. Default to 0.55–0.56\textwidth for system mockups. Use 0.68 only for simple figures with large text.

Rule of thumb for page-limited documents (e.g., 15-page proposal):

• 3 main figures as wrapfigures = ~1.5 pages of figure space
• 1 overview figure + 1 motivation figure = ~1 page
• Total figure budget: ~2.5 pages out of 15 (17%) — leave 83% for text

Horizontal layout is mandatory. Vertical/portrait screenshots waste 50%+ of their space on a landscape-format page. Design the mockup for wide capture from the start.

README-hero figures

README and documentation hero figures differ from paper figures. Markdown viewers scale the PNG to the content column (roughly 700-900 px on GitHub), so design for the scaled-down view:

• Type larger than in a paper figure. Labels legible at 0.55\textwidth will be too small in a 700 px GitHub column. Increase all font sizes by at least 1.5x relative to a paper figure.
• Fill the frame. Target >80% content fill. Large empty margins waste limited column area.
• One dominant focal element. A large keystone number, score, or pipeline diagram -- something readable in under two seconds at thumbnail size.
• Capture with headless Chrome (see README / Markdown Target section); no pdfcrop, no LaTeX environment.

Pre-flight Checklist

Before the first render, verify all of the following:

• Flat fills only. No gradients on bars, panels, or backgrounds.
• No drop shadows.
• No pill-shaped buttons; border-radius <= 4 px on any container.
• Hairline borders (1px solid) are fine. Decorative glows and gradient borders are not.
• Font is Helvetica or Arial. Not Segoe UI, Inter, or geometric narrow variants.
• Color is reserved for data differentiation. Cut decorative or structural color.
• No indigo or violet primary (reads as AI-startup palette).

Phase 1: Design the Mockup

1a. Split complex interfaces into separate figures

Do not cram multiple interfaces into one figure. If a system has a coordinator-facing view and a citizen-facing view, build both in one HTML file but capture them as separate screenshots, each inserted at its own relevant subtask in the LaTeX.

Add view-switching buttons (e.g., COORDINATOR / CITIZEN / BOTH) to the toolbar so the user can toggle views and capture each at full width. Each view mode should have its own CSS that expands sidebars, scales up fonts, and adjusts proportions for the full-width layout.

1b. Identify the views

Each major thrust or component gets its own view. Typically 3-4 views:

• A dashboard/overview showing the full pipeline
• One view per thrust showing that thrust's specific interface

1c. Choose per-thrust visual identity

Each thrust needs a distinct color palette with three tones (solid, mid, light) so bars, cards, and legends are consistent:

--t1: #0d9488; --t1-mid: #5eead4; --t1-light: #ccfbf1;
--t2: #2563eb; --t2-mid: #93c5fd; --t2-light: #dbeafe;

Use the light tone for activity bars with a solid-tone border, the solid tone for milestone/completion bars, and the mid tone sparingly for hover states. Legend swatches must match the actual bar appearance — if bars are light with colored borders, show that in the legend, not a solid fill.

1d. Embed real public-domain imagery

Use real, public-domain scientific imagery as low-opacity backgrounds to add geographic or domain credibility without overwhelming the schematic:

• NASA Earth Observatory for satellite/geoscience imagery
• NOAA for climate/ocean data products
• USGS for terrain/hazard data

Embed as CSS background with opacity: 0.15–0.20 and filter: saturate(0.6). Add a small attribution credit (e.g., "Imagery: NASA/USGS Landsat 9, Jan 14 2025") in the corner. Download locally to figure-src/assets/ for offline reliability.

1e. Choose icons

Use Lucide (ISC license) or similar SVG icon library. Define icons as an SVG sprite block at the top of the HTML so they are referenced once and used everywhere via <svg><use href="#icon-name"/></svg>. Inline SVG icons in panel headers add polish with zero external dependencies.

Phase 2: Build the Mockup

Technical requirements

• Single self-contained HTML file per figure type (system mockup and timeline should be separate files, not crammed into one)
• Embedded CSS and JavaScript
• System fonts preferred for offline reliability; Google Fonts acceptable only with explicit fallback stacks (e.g., Georgia, system-ui, Consolas)
• Dark sidebar + light main area, or similar professional layout
• Responsive to container size changes (for print/screenshot)

Key features to include

• View switching via toolbar buttons (not sidebar — saves horizontal space)
• Screenshot mode (CAPTURE button): hides toolbar and any titles that duplicate the LaTeX caption, tightens spacing, scales up fonts for legibility
• Print CSS (@media print): hides chrome, preserves background colors, forces landscape orientation, allows text wrapping in bars
• Dynamic rendering (graphs, DAGs): use percentage-based CSS positioning, not absolute pixels, so nodes survive container resize during print

Visual polish checklist

Raw mockups that look like "developer prototypes" undermine credibility. These details make the difference:

• Depth: subtle box-shadows on cards, layered backgrounds (linear-gradient on surfaces)
• Cards: rounded corners, colored left-border accent for action/alert cards
• Typography hierarchy: bold subtask numbers in bar labels, monospace for metrics and audit trails, proper weight differentiation
• SVG glow filters on key nodes (assembly points, critical indicators)
• Progress bars alongside metric values (not just numbers)
• Status indicators: colored dots, pulse animations for live status

Per-thrust layout patterns

Vary the layout between thrusts for visual interest:

• Thrust A: Info panels left | Interactive canvas right
• Thrust B: Search+results left | Explanation cards right (both info-dense)
• Thrust C: Canvas left | Timeline+cards right (flipped from A)

Common pitfalls

• Dynamic graph nodes positioned with px values break during print — use %
• wrapfigure in LaTeX needs text below it to wrap — place before a long paragraph, never at section end
• Large hero images waste space in wide mode — integrate as panel backgrounds at low opacity instead of giving them a full column
• Screenshots are vertical by default — must design horizontal layout explicitly
• Wrap-environment collisions: never place a wrapfigure immediately before a wraptable or another wrapfigure — LaTeX emits collision warnings and forces floats out of position. Separate them with at least one full paragraph of unwrapped text, or convert one to a figure[t]/table[t]
• white-space: nowrap truncates text in print — bar labels and tags must allow wrapping. Always test the print preview (Ctrl+P) before capturing. Remove nowrap, add line-height: 1.2, and increase row height to accommodate wrapped text.
• Capture mode should hide the HTML title/header — the LaTeX caption provides the title. Duplicating it in the screenshot wastes vertical space.

Phase 2b: Timeline / Gantt Figures

For work plan timeline figures, use a standalone HTML file with CSS grid.

Design principles

• CSS grid with quarter-columns: grid-template-columns: <label-width> repeat(16, 1fr) for a 4-year / 16-quarter layout
• Phase bars spanning multiple quarters — not one bar per quarter. Use grid-column: N / M to span consecutive phases as single continuous blocks.
• Stagger start times to show dependencies. Not all thrusts start Q1. If Thrust 2 depends on Thrust 1 outputs, start Thrust 2's bar in Q2 or Q3.
• Subtask numbers in bar labels (e.g., "1.1 WRF-SFIRE calibration") so reviewers can cross-reference to the thrust text.
• Milestone diamonds at delivery points; solid-fill bars for milestone quarters, bordered-light bars for activity phases.
• Integration row at the bottom with dark-pill milestone markers spanning across all thrusts (M1: Component demos, M2: End-to-end pipeline, etc.).
• Legend must match actual bar appearance (light + border for activity, solid for milestone, diamond for marker, dark pill for integration).

Timeline capture

• Click CAPTURE → Ctrl+P → Destination: Save as PDF → Layout: Landscape → Margins: None → Save.
• Insert as figure[t] full-width (timelines need the detail).

Phase 3: Review with Codex

Use the implement-review skill to send the staged figure to Codex for review. Key review points (apply to both HTML and abstract paths):

1. Scientific accuracy — are dataset names, diagnostics, and workflow steps plausible for the target domain?
2. Visual differentiation — do the component views look distinct?
3. Legibility at print size — will fonts survive at 0.55\textwidth?
4. Branch coverage — if the system has multiple modes (e.g., zero-vehicle vs HV-owning), does the caption explicitly label which branch is shown?
5. Figure cross-references — every figure must have a Figure~\ref{} callout in the prose. Figures without cross-references feel decorative.

Additional review points for the abstract path: 6. Arrow routing — do all arrows connect at correct node anchors? No floating or misaligned endpoints. 7. No dashboard aesthetic — the figure should read as a research diagram, not a product UI. 8. Vector output — PDF/SVG output is vector, not rasterized.

Iterate based on feedback. Typical: 2-3 rounds.

Phase 4: HTML Capture and Insert

Capture workflow

1. Open the mockup in Chrome
2. Click the view button for the target thrust (e.g., COORDINATOR)
3. Click CAPTURE to hide toolbar and titles
4. Ctrl+P → Save as PDF (landscape, no margins) for vector output, or take a screenshot for PNG
5. Save as figure/thrustN.pdf (or .png)

Prefer PDF — text and SVG elements stay vector (sharp at any zoom). Only the embedded satellite imagery stays raster. Drop the file extension in \includegraphics so LaTeX auto-selects the best available format:

\includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{figure/thrust4-coord}

Capture gotchas

• SVG height: 100% inside a flex item overflows. An inline SVG with height: 100% inside display: flex expands beyond its parent and overlays adjacent content. Use deterministic fixed heights: give each SVG an explicit height in px, a viewBox whose aspect ratio matches that box, and overflow: hidden as a backstop. Avoid flex: 1 + height: 100% SVG for figure panels.
• --window-size pairs with --force-device-scale-factor. The --window-size=W,H flag sets logical pixels. At --force-device-scale-factor=2 the output PNG is 2W x 2H physical pixels. Set W,H to the CSS viewport dimensions, not the intended output resolution.

Trim white margins with pdfcrop

Browser-exported PDFs have full-page white margins that waste space in LaTeX. Use pdfcrop (bundled with TeX Live) to trim to the content bounding box.

pdfcrop figure/timeline.pdf figure/timeline-trimmed.pdf
pdfcrop --margins 4 figure/thrust1.pdf figure/thrust1-trimmed.pdf

Always keep the original and write to a separate -trimmed file. This preserves the full-page source for re-trimming with different margins later. Use the trimmed file in \includegraphics.

• pdfcrop uses Ghostscript for bounding box detection, which is reliable for both vector and raster content.
• Default padding is 0 bp. Use --margins N to add N bp on all sides (2-4 is typical for proposal figures).
• Do not attempt pixel-based or metadata-based trimming with PyMuPDF or similar — these methods frequently misdetect content bounds on browser-exported PDFs.

LaTeX insertion

Default to wrapfigure at 0.55–0.56\textwidth:

\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.56\textwidth}
  \vspace{-1.2em}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{figure/thrust1}
  \caption{\textbf{Thrust 1 title.} Brief description of what the
  screenshot shows, referencing left and right panels. If the system
  has multiple modes, state which mode is shown (e.g., ``zero-vehicle
  branch; the HV-owning branch provides departure/route guidance'').}
  \label{fig:thrust1}
  \vspace{-1.4em}
\end{wrapfigure}

Place the wrapfigure before a paragraph with 10+ lines of text below it. Never place at the end of a section.