Literature Positioning (cps-literature-positioning)

A CPS paper earns space by moving a comparative-politics debate, not by citing everything. Position the paper so a comparativist immediately sees the gap, the rival accounts, and what your paper adds. CPS spans several literatures (regimes, institutions, behavior, ethnic politics & conflict, comparative political economy, parties & elections) — engage the right one(s) deeply rather than all shallowly.

When to trigger

• Writing or rewriting the literature/positioning section or the introduction's "gap" paragraph
• A reviewer said the paper "doesn't engage the relevant comparative literature" or "reinvents a known result"
• You cannot name the single strongest rival explanation your design must rule out
• The paper cites broadly but does not locate itself in a specific debate

Positioning logic (in order)

1. Name the debate. One identifiable comparative-politics conversation (e.g., institutional vs. structural accounts of regime survival; supply- vs. demand-side explanations of ethnic voting).
2. State the standing answer and its limits. What does the literature currently believe, and where is it incomplete, contradicted by cases, or untested with adequate comparative leverage?
3. State the gap as a claim, not a topic. "X is understudied" is not a gap. "The dominant account predicts A, but cases B and C show ¬A, and no design has separated A from D" is.
4. Name the rival explanation(s) your evidence will adjudicate — these become the design's job (cps-research-design) and the theory's contrast class (cps-theory-building).
5. Cross-regional breadth. Cite comparative work beyond your own region so the contribution reads as general, not parochial — CPS reviewers police regional insularity.

Engaging the right literatures

Subfield	Engage	Common miss
Democratization & regimes	modernization, elite-bargain, institutionalist accounts	ignoring measurement debates (V-Dem vs. Polity)
Comparative political economy	VoC, redistribution, welfare-state, growth-coalition work	treating economics literature as the only frame
Ethnic politics & conflict	constructivist vs. primordialist, mobilization, salience	conflating ethnicity with region without theory
Parties & elections / behavior	cleavage theory, electoral systems, turnout, vote choice	US-centric framing of a cross-national claim

Comparative debate map

Create a short map before writing the literature review:

Element	What to specify	Why CPS reviewers care
Units	countries, subnational units, parties, voters, organizations, events	Defines the comparison and the level of inference
Time	period, reform window, election cycle, conflict phase, regime episode	Separates change over time from cross-case difference
Region/case logic	why these cases, and what they represent theoretically	Prevents "case convenience" from masquerading as leverage
Rival accounts	institutional, structural, cultural, strategic, or historical alternatives	Shows what the paper will adjudicate rather than merely add
Portability	where the mechanism should travel, and where it should fail	Turns a regional study into a comparative contribution

Use the map to prune citations. Keep works that define the debate, create the rival, or anchor portability across regions; move background-only citations to footnotes or cut them.

Checklist

• One named debate, not a topic list
• Standing answer stated, then its specific limit
• Gap framed as a falsifiable claim
• Single strongest rival explanation named (and handed to cps-research-design)
• Cross-regional citations so the contribution reads as comparative, not parochial
• Distinguished from a known prior result (no reinvention)

Anti-patterns

• "Literature dump" — a paragraph of citations with no debate and no gap
• Regional insularity — citing only work on your own country/region
• Straw-man rivals — beating a weak version while the strong rival stands
• Reinventing a settled comparative finding without acknowledging it
• Positioning to the whole discipline (APSR-style) instead of the comparative-politics conversation

Output format

【Debate】the one comparative-politics conversation
【Standing answer + limit】what the field believes / where it breaks
【Gap】stated as a falsifiable claim
【Strongest rival】the explanation the design must rule out
【Comparative debate map】units / time / case logic / rival / portability
【Cross-regional anchors】2–3 works beyond your own region
【Next】cps-theory-building

Supplementary resources

• ../../resources/exemplars/library.md — how verified CPS papers locate themselves in a debate
• ../../resources/external_tools.md — comparative datasets that define many CP debates