Runtime Animation Chains

Gum plays back FRB-style .achx/.achj animations on Sprite and NineSlice. .achx (XML) and .achj (JSON, matching FlatRedBall2's AnimationChain.Common writer) both deserialize into AnimationChainListSave — see AnimationChainListSave.FromFile. Each chain is a list of frames with a texture, source rect, frame length, optional flip flags, optional RelativeX/RelativeY per-frame offsets, and optional per-frame color (see below).

Pipeline: Save → Runtime

AnimationChainListSave (XML) → ToAnimationChainList() → AnimationChainList (a List<AnimationChain>). Each AnimationChainSave.Frames[i] becomes an AnimationFrame via AnimationFrameSave.ToAnimationFrame(loadTexture, coordinateType).

TextureCoordinateType matters at load time, not render time. The AnimationFrame.LeftCoordinate/RightCoordinate/TopCoordinate/BottomCoordinate fields are always stored as UV (0–1). If the source .achx declares <CoordinateType>Pixel</CoordinateType>, the loader divides by Texture.Width/Height during conversion. UV-mode .achx files copy the values verbatim. A frame loaded before its texture resolves cannot perform pixel-to-UV conversion — its coords stay zero.

Playback: AnimationChainLogic

Both Sprite and NineSlice compose an AnimationChainLogic instance (XNA, Sokol, Raylib, Skia all share the same playback type). SpriteAnimationLogic is a back-compat [Obsolete] subclass; new code should use AnimationChainLogic.

State lives entirely on AnimationChainLogic:

• _currentChainIndex defaults to 0 so assigning AnimationChains + Animate = true works without setting CurrentChainName. CurrentChainName setter sets _currentChainIndex = -1 and resolves the desired name lazily once chains are populated (RefreshCurrentChainToDesiredName).
• AnimateSelf(secondDifference) advances _timeIntoAnimation, loops or clamps based on IsAnimationChainLooping, fires AnimationChainCycled, picks a new frame via UpdateFrameBasedOffOfTimeIntoAnimation, and — only if the frame index changed — calls UpdateToCurrentAnimationFrame().
• UpdateToCurrentAnimationFrame() invokes the ApplyFrame delegate the host wired up. It does not directly mutate the renderable.

AnimateSelf is driven once per frame by GraphicalUiElement.AnimateSelf (recursively). The whole subsystem is platform-agnostic — there is no MonoGame coupling in AnimationChainLogic.

Frame application is split across two times

Sprite handles each frame in two phases:

1. On frame change (Sprite.ApplyAnimationFrame, wired into AnimationLogic.ApplyFrame): copies Texture, computes pixel SourceRectangle from UV coords × texture size, and copies FlipHorizontal/FlipVertical. Persistent state.
2. At every render (Sprite.Render, when CurrentFrameIndex < CurrentChain.Count): re-reads CurrentChain[CurrentFrameIndex].RelativeX/RelativeY, mutates this.X/Y, calls the static draw, then restores the originals.

This split matters: changing RelativeX/Y on a live frame takes effect on the next render without needing UpdateToCurrentAnimationFrame. But it also means rotation handling for the offset lives at the render call site, not in ApplyFrame.

The RelativeX/Y anchor mismatch (recurring gotcha)

Sprite.Render applies the per-frame offset as a literal pixel shift around a top-left anchor (origin = Vector2.Zero in the static Render). The Y component is negated on apply (this.Y -= offsetVector.Y) because AnimationFrame.RelativeY follows FRB's Y-up convention while Gum is Y-down.

The values inside an .achx are authored against FRB's center-anchored Sprite. When the Sprite's destination height is constant (e.g. HeightUnits = Absolute), the offset is just a translation and the anchor difference doesn't matter. When destination height tracks the source rect (e.g. HeightUnits = PercentageOfSourceFile), the FRB-authored values only compensate half the per-frame height change — because the other half was absorbed by FRB's centered anchor. The Gum-rendered sprite drifts in the direction the source rect is shrinking (typically "climbs upward" for collapse animations).

To match FRB visuals on a height-tracking Sprite, the offset has to be applied around the sprite's center, not its top-left — or an extra (referenceHeight - currentHeight) / 2 must be added to Y.

NineSlice: same playback, no RelativeX/Y

XNA NineSlice now composes AnimationChainLogic (same pattern as Sprite) — the inline tick loop is gone. Its ApplyFrame handler distributes the frame's texture to all 9 internal sprites via SetSingleTexture, derives the SourceRectangle from the frame's UV coords, and copies FlipHorizontal. It does not apply RelativeX/Y. If RelativeX/Y support is ever needed on NineSlice, add the offset application in NineSlice's render path the same way Sprite does.

Skia and Raylib NineSlice renderables also compose AnimationLogic and apply frames the same way as XNA — each has its own ApplyAnimationFrame in Runtimes/{RaylibGum,SkiaGum}/Renderables/NineSlice.cs.

Per-frame color (Alpha/Multiply/Add)

AnimationFrameSave/AnimationFrame carry nullable Red/Green/Blue/Alpha (0-255) and an AnimationFrameColorOperation? (Multiply/Add), matching FRB2's Animation Editor fields. Each backend's ApplyAnimationFrame sets the renderable's own Alpha when authored, and Red/Green/Blue only when ColorOperation == Multiply (unset channel defaults to 255) — snapshotted once per frame change, not re-combined at render time, so a frame that authors neither leaves the renderable's current color alone. Alpha (#4489) and Multiply (#4490) are applied on all of XNA/Raylib/Skia; Skia's Sprite additionally needed a Color-driven SKColorFilter.CreateBlendMode(..., Modulate) in GetPaint since it previously ignored RGB entirely (NineSlice already had this filter). Add parses but isn't applied to rendering anywhere yet — it needs a per-backend pixel shader (#4477).

Key Files

File	Purpose
RenderingLibrary/Graphics/Animation/AnimationChainLogic.cs	Platform-agnostic playback state and tick
RenderingLibrary/Graphics/Animation/SpriteAnimationLogic.cs	[Obsolete] back-compat subclass of AnimationChainLogic
RenderingLibrary/Graphics/Animation/AnimationFrame.cs	Runtime frame; ToAnimationFrame extension converts from save with TextureCoordinateType
RenderingLibrary/Graphics/Animation/AnimationChain.cs	List<AnimationFrame>; ToAnimationChain extension
RenderingLibrary/Graphics/Animation/AnimationChainList.cs	List<AnimationChain>; .achx deserialization entry point
RenderingLibrary/Graphics/Sprite.cs	ApplyAnimationFrame (frame-change side) and Render (per-render RelativeX/Y application)
RenderingLibrary/Graphics/NineSlice.cs	ApplyAnimationFrame distributes frame texture across 9 slices; no RelativeX/Y support
Gum/Graphics/Animation/Content/AnimationFrameSave.cs	XML/JSON-serializable frame; pixel or UV coords per AnimationChainListSave.CoordinateType; per-frame color fields
Gum/Graphics/Animation/Content/AnimationChainListSave.cs	.achx (XmlSerializer) and .achj (ParseJson/ParseFrameJson) parsing, dialect picked by extension in FromFile